Brand Community A Community Of Brand Followers And...

Brand community is considered to be a community of brand followers and customers, fastened together by similar behavioural attachment towards the brand. As drastic innovation on the leading platforms reduces down, marketers become progressively limited in their influence, brands are requiring to move laterally to lodge their customer-centred needs. Brands are considering onlookers connected by the synchronization of their brand interest, rather than the unity of their social real world connections. The communities are trained on social media which bid amusing new opportunities to squeeze brand sensibility. Taking the commitment of the brand to a fully preserved community makes comprehensive sense in a customer-centred strategy. Marketers can build up brand communities by assisting in shared consumer experiences and strengthening the trustworthiness to the brand as an amalgamation towards the brand (McAlexander, Schouten, Koenig, 2002). In the emerging consumer culture fuelled by ind ustrial revolution, the sense of community and interpersonal bonds and unimagined fellowship is necessary for the growth of the brand and the manufacturers (McAlexander, Schouten, Koenig, 2002). (Kalman, 2009) Context Brand communities minimum requirement is a unique brand as well as a techniques to bring together the consumers who are committed to the brand. The point to which consumers may adopt a brand’s principles and procedures even if they do not exemplify them initially, is theShow MoreRelatedUsing Photo Sharing From A Global Community Of Over 300 Million Active Users1329 Words   |  6 Pagesto use photo sharing app used by a small group of people has exploded into a global community of over 300 million active users. An amazing 70 million photos and videos a day are now shared on Instagram by both consumers and brands. 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Relevant social media platforms include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Youtube, Pinterest, and Snapchat. Each of these different platforms have pros and cons. Facebook can help to connect with the community, boost traffic and sales, as well as find new customers. Twitter is best used as a real-time way for businesses to connect with the community in short, easy to read messages. Linkdin helps to connect businessesRead MoreUsing Social Networking Websites for Social Media Marketing in Fashion Industry1475 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences, and connect for business or pleasure†. (Strauss amp; Frost, p. 326). SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING: The term social media marketing describes the usage of blogs, online communities or social networking sites like Twitter or Facebook for marketing, sales, customer service and public relation in order to engage online communities for the purpose of generating the exposure, opportunities and sales. 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Introduction to Business Law and Ethics Free Essays

Introduction to Business Law and Ethics Susana Silvestri Grand Canyon University BUS-340 October 17, 2010 Introduction to Business Law and Ethics Statutory interpretation was critical to the Supreme Court of Colorado’s resolution of a 2007 case, Pringle v. Valdez. Using an online source or sources, locate the Pringle decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Business Law and Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then do the following: 1. Read Justice Bender’s majority opinion and prepare a case brief of the sort described in this chapter’s appendix on â€Å"Reading and Briefing Cases. 2. Read the dissenting opinion authored by Justice Coats. Then prepare a one-page essay that (a) summarizes the principal arguments made in the dissenting opinion; (b) sets forth your view on which analysis—the majority opinion’s or the dissenting opinion’s—is better; and (c) Provide the reasons for the view you have expressed in (b). 1. Case Briefing Pringle v. Valdez 06SC92 (2007) Court: Supreme Court Class: Civil Facts: Pringle lost control of the vehicle while taking Valdez home. Valdez was not wearing his seatbelt causing a series of injuries when ejected of the vehicle. Valdez requested compensation for impairment and disfigurement, and noneconomic losses. The argument lays on the â€Å"Noneconomic losses† which might fall under the â€Å"pain and suffering† under the seatbelt defense. Issue: The wording used involving â€Å"pain and suffering† and â€Å"noneconomic damages† referred to in the Seatbelt defense provision Holding: Awarding of $400,000 for physical disfigurement and impairment. Rule: The wording in dispute â€Å"pain and suffering† and â€Å"noneconomic damages† will be further evaluated. Analysis: â€Å"Pain and Suffering† and â€Å"noneconomic damages† are many times considered to be similar and by studying the demand of the case it can be ruled as been the same but using a different name. Conclusion: Non-award of $100,000 for noneconomic damages. Award of $400,00 for physical impairment and disfigurement. Pringle v. Valdez is obviously at first a case of Majority Opinion which in an appeal court was turned into a dissenting opinion. Part of the case held while the other was discussed, studied and adjust for an accurate ruling, in order to explain and grant a decision by the jurors and the judge according with the Statutory Interpretation of the case. Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. Langvardt, A. W. , 2010, p. 24 http://www. courts. state. co. us/Courts/Supreme_Court/opinions/2006/06SC92. pdf Jerrie Gray worked at a Tyson Foods plant where she was exposed to comments, gestures, and physical contact that, she alleged, constituted sexual harassment. Tyson disputed the allegation, arguing that the behavior was not unwelcome, that the complained about conduct was not based on sex, that the conduct did not affect a term, condition, or privilege of employment, and that proper remedial action was taken in response to any complaint by Gray of sexual harassment. During the trial in federal court, a witness for Gray repeatedly volunteered inadmissible testimony that the judge had to tell the jury to disregard. At one point, upon an objection from the defendant’s counsel, the witness asked, â€Å"May I say something here? The judge told her she could not. Finally, after the jury left the courtroom, the witness had an angry outburst that continued into the hallway, in view of some of the jurors. The jury awarded Gray $185,000 in compensatory and $800,000 in punitive damages. Tyson believed that it should not have been liable, that the awards of damages were excessive and unsupported by evidence, and that the inadmissible evidence and improper conduct had tainted the proceedings. What courses of action may Tyson pursue? Tyson Foods entered a trial in a Federal Court after a sexual harassment case was filed. Tyson Foods follow protocol and tried to solve the issue ahead of time. During trial the witness continued to make comments that were dismissed which were then awarded based on comments made after the hearing was completed and the company was liable to pay almost $1,000,000. 00. Based on Tyson Foods believes they should appeal the Federal Court decision due to the fact that the claims were unsupported by evidence. Also they should add the fact that the inadmissible evidence and improper conduct of the witness had tainted the proceedings issuing an unfair ruling. You own a consulting firm with 32 employees and annual billings of $29,000,000. One of your clients, whom you bill an average of $1,200,000 annually, has asked you to hire her grandson. You know that the grandson has been recently graduated from a top-20 business school. He is 31 years old, has a solid academic record, and possesses the personal and professional skills to be successful as a consultant. You also know, however, that he is a recovering cocaine addict, having struggled with the addiction for five years prior to his attending business school. Your firm has a strict no-drugs policy, which you usually interpret to exclude those who previously abused drugs. Using justice theory, justify a decision to exempt the grandson from your firm’s no-drugs policy. Could you make the same decision as a profit maximizer? This decision can doors to law suits for discrimination to previous applicants which applications had been denied. On the other hand, the company has the risk to loose a good client. As owner, I will first make sure to read, examine and adjust any clause related to hiring and the no-drugs policy. The words â€Å"recovering† and â€Å"recovered† are different. Hiring someone in the recovering stage, the company is breaking the no-drugs policy. If adjustments are made to the policy to accommodate applicants from this point on that are â€Å"recovering† or â€Å"recovered† drug addicts, it will be to implementing random drug tests weekly. This will be costly to the firm but will guarantee the no-drug policy to remain unbroken; the potential new employee must agree to this practice and the consequences based on the results. Justice Theory is based on â€Å"the protection of those who are least advantaged in society† (Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. Langvardt, A. W. , 2010, p. 5), making changes and adjusting the policy will fall under this category. Giving a second chance to those in disadvantage in society. Maximizer â€Å"requires a decision maker to maximize a business’s long-run profits within the limits of the law†(Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. Langvardt, A. W. , 2010, p. 95) i f this potential employee is capable to obey the policy and continue a successful recovery it could mean a win-win situation. You are assigned by your employer, Jay-Mart Corporation, an international discount retailer, to supervise the construction of ten new retail superstores in Shanghai, China. All construction is being done by a Chinese-owned contractor in compliance with Ja to those iny-Mart’s construction standards. After an earthquake in China kills over 70,000 people, China’s legislature passes a statute requiring new buildings to have a greater ability to withstand a large earthquake. The Chinese contractor has approached you and suggested that the new Chinese construction standards are unnecessarily high, that Jay-Mart’s construction standards are sufficient to protect against any earthquake likely to occur, and that the cost of complying with the new Chinese construction standards will increase construction costs 20 percent. What do you do if you believe that ethical behavior requires you to maximize Jay-Mart’s profits? A â€Å"profit maximization results in ethical conduct because it requires society’s members to act within the constraints of the law. A profit maximizer, therefore, acts ethically by complying with society’s mores as expressed in its laws. † (2) (Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. Langvardt, A. W. , 2010, p. 7) With this in mind the supervisor of the construction site, the decision has to be made were the company’s profit could be reduced to 20% due to the increase of the construction. This change should be shown to the company’s finance department. The profits at short term could be affected by going with the construction based on the laws standards. By actually continue with the original plan the company could be liable to law suits if another natural disaster occur and the construction standards were not followed, this could affect th e long run profits of the company. There are many ways to cut expenses; one that could be proposed can be to build 8 stores instead of the 10 originally proposed, this will absorbed the 20% increase to maintain the project under the stipulated budget without affecting the short term profit. References Mallor, J. P. , Barnes, A. J. , Bowers, T. Langvardt, A. W. (2010). Business Law (14th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin http://www. courts. state. co. us/Courts/Supreme_Court/opinions/2006/06SC92. pdf (Retrieved October 12, 2010) How to cite Introduction to Business Law and Ethics, Essays

Shares and Dividends free essay sample

Forms of payment Cash dividends (most common) are those paid out in currency, usually via electronic funds transfer or a printed paper check. Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the year they are paid. This is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company. For each share owned, a declared amount of money is distributed. Thus, if a person owns 100 shares and the cash dividend is USD $0. 50 per share, the holder of the stock will be paid USD $50. Stock or scrip dividends are those paid out in the form of additional stock shares of the issuing corporation, or another corporation (such as its subsidiary corporation). They are usually issued in proportion to shares owned (for example, for every 100 shares of stock owned, a 5% stock dividend will yield 5 extra shares). If the payment involves the issue of new shares, it is similar to a stock split in that it increases the total number of shares while lowering the price of each share without changing the market capitalization, or total value, of the shares held. See also Stock dilution. ) Property dividends or dividends in specie (Latin for in kind) are those paid out in the form of assets from the issuing corporation or another corporation, such as a subsidiary corporation. They are relatively rare and most frequently are securities of other companies owned by the issuer, however they can take other forms, such as products and services. Other dividends can be used in structured finance. Financial assets with a known market value can be distributed as dividends; warrants are sometimes distributed in this way.For large companies with subsidiaries, dividends can take the form of shares in a subsidiary company. A common technique for spinning off a company from its parent is to distribute shares in the new company to the old companys shareholders. The new shares can then be traded independently. [edit]Reliability of dividends There are two metrics which are commonly used to gauge the sustainability of a firms dividend policy. Payout ratio is calculated by dividing the companys dividend by the earnings per share. A payout ratio greater than 1 means the company is paying out more in dividends for the year than it earned. Dividend cover is calculated by dividing the companys cash flow from operations by the dividend. This ratio is apparently popular with analysts of income trustsin Canada. [citation needed] [edit]Dividend Dates Dividends must be declared (approved) by a company’s Board of Directors each time they are paid. For public companies, there are four important dates to remember regarding dividends. These are discussed in detail with examples at the Securities and Exchange Commission site [1] Declaration date is the day the Board of Directors announces its intention to pay a dividend.On this day, a liability is created and the company records that liability on its books; it now owes the money to the stockholders. On the declaration date, the Board will also announce a date of record and a payment date. In-dividend date is the last day, which is one trading day before the ex-dividend date, where the stock is said to be cum dividend (with [including] dividend). In other words, existing holders of the stock and anyone who buys it on this day will receive the dividend, whereas any holders selling the stock lose their right to the dividend.After this date the stock becomes ex dividend. Ex-dividend date (typically 2 trading days before the record date for U. S. securities) is the day on which all shares bought and sold no longer come attached with the right to be paid the most recently declared dividend. This is an important date for any company that has many stockholders, including those that trade on exchanges, as it makes reconciliation of who is to be paid the dividend easier. Existing holders of the stock will receive the dividend even if they now sell the stock, whereas anyone who now buys the stock will not receive the dividend.It is relatively common for a stocks price to decrease on the ex-dividend date by an amount roughly equal to the dividend paid. This reflects the decrease in the companys assets resulting from the declaration of the dividend. The company does not take any explicit action to adjust its stock price; in an efficient market, buyers and sellers will automatically price this in. Book closure Date Whenever a company announces a dividend pay-out, it also announces a date on which the company will ideally temporarily close its books for fresh transfers of stock. Read Book Closure for a better understanding.Record date Shareholders registered in the stockholders of record on or before the date of record will receive the dividend. Shareholders who are not registered as of this date will not receive the dividend. Registration in most countries is essentially automatic for shares purchased before the ex-dividend date. Payment date is the day when the dividend checks will actually be mailed to the shareholders of a company or credited to brokerage accounts. [edit]Dividend-reinvestment Some companies have dividend reinvestment plans, or DRIPs, not to be confused with scrips.DRIPs allow shareholders to use dividends to systematically buy small amounts of stock, usually with no commission and sometimes at a slight discount. In some cases, the shareholder might not need to pay taxes on these re-invested dividends, but in most cases they do. [edit]Dividend Taxation [edit]Australia and New Zealand In Australia and New Zealand, companies also forward franking credits or imputation credits to shareholders along with dividends. These franking credits represent the tax paid by the company upon its pre-tax profits. One dollar of company tax paid generates one franking credit.Companies can forward any proportion of franking up to a maximum amount that is calculated from the prevailing company tax rate: for each dollar of dividend paid, the maximum level of franking is the company tax rate divided by (1 company tax rate). At the current 30% rate, this works out at 0. 30 of a credit per 70 cents of dividend, or 42. 857 cents per dollar of dividend. The shareholders who are able to use them offset these credits against their income tax bills at a rate of a dollar per credit, thereby effectively eliminating the double taxation of company profits. This system is called dividend imputation. [edit]UK The UKs taxation system operates along similar lines: when a shareholder receives a dividend, the basic rate of income tax is deemed to already have been paid on that dividend. This ensures that double taxation does not take place, however this creates difficulties for some non-taxpaying entities such as certain trusts, charities and pension funds which are not allowed to reclaim the deemed tax payment and thus are in effect taxed on their income. [edit]IndiaIn India, companies declaring or distributing dividend, are required to pay a Corporate Dividend Tax in addition to the tax levied on their income. Dividend received is exempt in the hands of the shareholders, in respect of which Corporate Dividend Tax has been paid by the company. [edit]Criticism Some believe that company profits are best re-invested back into the company: research and development, capital investment, expansion, etc. Proponents of this view (and thus critics of dividends per se) suggest that an eagerness to return profits to shareholders may indicate the management having run out of good ideas for the future of the company. Some studies, however, have demonstrated that companies that pay dividends have higher earnings growth, suggesting that dividend payments may be evidence of confidence in earnings growth and sufficient profitability to fund future expansion. [3] Taxation of dividends is often used as justification for retaining earnings, or for performing a stock buyback, in which the company buys back stock, thereby increasing the value of the stock left outstanding. When dividends are paid, individual shareholders in many countries suffer from double taxation of those dividends: 1. he company pays income tax to the government when it earns any income, and then 2. when the dividend is paid, the individual shareholder pays income tax on the dividend payment. In many countries, the tax rate on dividend income is lower than for other forms of income to compensate for tax paid at the corporate level. In contrast, corporate shareholders often do not pay tax on dividends because the tax regime is designed to tax corporate income (as opposed to individual income) only once. The shareholder will pay a tax on capital gains (often taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income), only when the shareholder chooses to sell the stock.If a holder of the stock chooses to not participate in the buyback, the price of the holders shares should rise, but the tax on these gains is delayed until the actual sale of the shares. Certain types of specialized investment companies (such as a REIT in the U. S. ) allow the shareholder to partially or fully avoid double taxation of dividends. Shareholders in companies which pay little or no cash dividends can reap the benefit of the companys profits when they sell their shareholding, or when a company is wound down and all assets liquidated and distributed amongst hareholders. This, in effect, delegates the dividend policy from the board to the individual shareholder. Payment of a dividend can increase the borrowing requirement, or leverage, of a company. [edit]Other corporate entities [edit]Cooperatives Cooperative businesses may retain their earnings, or distribute part or all of them as dividends to their members. They distribute their dividends in proportion to their members activity, instead of the value of members shareholding. Therefore, co-op dividends are often treated as pre-tax expenses.Consumers cooperatives allocate dividends according to their members trade with the co-op. For example, a credit union will pay a dividend to representinterest on a savers deposit. A retail co-op store chain may return a percentage of a members purchases from the co-op, in the form of cash, store credit, orequity. This type of dividend is sometimes known as a patronage dividend or patronage refund, as well as being informally named divi or divvy. [4][5][6] Producer cooperatives, such as worker cooperatives, allocate dividends according to their members contribution, such as the hours they worked or their salary. 7] [edit]Trusts In real estate investment trusts and royalty trusts, the distributions paid often will be consistently greater than the company earnings. This can be sustainable because the accounting earnings do not recognize any increasing value of real estate holdings and resource reserves. If there is no economic increase in the value of the companys assets then the excess distribution (or dividend) will be a return of capital and the book value of the company will have shrunk by an equal amount.This may result in capital gains which may be taxed differently than dividends representing distribution of earnings. [edit]Mutuals The distribution of profits by other forms of mutual org anization also varies from that of joint stock companies, though may not take the form of a dividend. In the case of mutual insurance, for example, in the United States, a distribution of profits to holders of participating life policies is called a dividend. These profits are generated by the investment returns f the insurers general account, in which premiums are invested and from which claims are paid. [8] The participating dividend may be used to decrease premiums, or to increase the cash value of the policy. [9] Some life policies pay nonparticipating dividends. As a contrasting example, in the United Kingdom, the surrender value of a with-profits policy is increased by a bonus, which also serves the purpose of distributing profits. Life insurance dividends and bonuses, while typical of mutual insurance, are also paid by some joint stock insurers.Insurance dividend payments are not restricted to life policies. For example, general insurer State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company can distribute dividends to its vehicle insurance policyholders. [10] Policy holders of participating insurance policies are charged a grossed up premium, and the dividend is actually a return of the over payment. It is for this reason that insurance policy dividends are generally not taxed. They are merely a refund of overpaid premiums.