Compare and Contrast two poems: Welsh Landscape and East Moors Essay

â€Å"Welsh Landscape† is written by R.S Thomas. He was a Welsh traditionalist born in 1913 and he died in 2000. He has strong views and lives in the past thinking of Wales of having no present or future. The poem consists of just one stanza. The main theme of this poem is war imagery, the words that suggest this are â€Å"ambush†, â€Å"spilled blood†, â€Å"wild†, â€Å"strife†, â€Å"strung†, â€Å"sped arrows†, â€Å"cries†, â€Å"fields†, â€Å"corners† and â€Å"carcass†. He describes Wales to have â€Å"spilled blood† which describes past battles. He goes on to describe how the â€Å"immaculate rivers† are dyed – they can’t be perfect. Even water is effected by past occurrences, blood is becoming part of nature. Nature has been corrupted by battles. There’s no control over the sky, Thomas uses the word â€Å"wild† to describe it. Next he uses alliteration, sibilance â€Å"strife†, â€Å"strung†, â€Å"sped† its related with the past, as its in past tense. â€Å"Strife† describes the struggles they’ve had, â€Å"strung† indicates there was trouble. â€Å"Vibrant† makes you think of a bright, alive and almost artistic place, but then he brings in the strong opinion of â€Å"you cannot live in the present†. Gillian Clarke, a feminist born in Cardiff in 1937, writes â€Å"East Moors†. She believes boredom is a major problem in Wales once the community’s biggest employer closes down. It consists of 6 stanzas. Demolition is the main theme. This poem looks at change in the community, the sort of change some might regard as a progress, but which the poem suggests can undermine communities, individual identity and purpose. Steelworks meant more to men than anything in their life as it was their life, they were there all the time, it was the main topic of conversation and it was the income to support their families, without it they had nothing. The first line in this poem make you think a seasonal change will follow these events, the arrival of spring is to come with the arrival of May. It’s a device used to suggest a possible end to bitter times but this is undermined in the final stanza when the phrases â€Å"icy† and â€Å"rain is blowing† is used to describe the first day in May. The â€Å"flash of sea† is a metaphor, to tell us there isn’t much sea. There are  some metaphors in â€Å"Welsh Landscape† too: â€Å"thick ambush of shadows† is a metaphor for past memories haunting you. The fourth line in â€Å"East Moors† describes â€Å"blue islands† the word â€Å"blue† has a double meaning – the colour and also the emotion of sadness. In both poems there are examples of sibilance, in â€Å"Welsh Landscape† it is â€Å"sped, strung, strife† and in â€Å"East moors† it is â€Å"steelworks used to smoke†. This also tells us that the place used to be filled with industry. The first line of the second stanza shows typical lives of people living in the valleys in the 1930s, people were born in houses instead of hospitals, then they lived in them throughout their lives. The second and third lines describe how the how the steelworks often gave off flashes of light â€Å"sudden glow† in the middle of the night, so the neighbours were â€Å"accustomed† to it. Then it says a â€Å"dark† sound, it’s a contrast to the earlier mention of â€Å"glow†, and it could mean, low or spooky. Throughout the second stanza, there’s a lot of cases of sibilance -â€Å"sudden†, â€Å"sky†, â€Å"sound†, â€Å"smell† and â€Å"sulphur†. There’s also more sibilance in â€Å"Welsh Landscape†, Thomas talks about â€Å"soft† consonants being â€Å"strange† to the ear. â€Å"Soft† is a positive word. The words have a strong connection to the welsh language as he chose to learn it in adulthood – he finds it important to his heritage. In â€Å"East Moors†, the third stanza begins with alliteration â€Å"Roath†, â€Å"Rumney† they are two areas of Cardiff, its showing typical sense of valley life. Now, clothes are hung in yards and there’s no pollution to dirty these garments. Then comes more stereotypical life of men and women – men being â€Å"lethargic† and women lining up jobs for their lazy, redundant husbands. We know they’re jobless, as the steelworks have been closed down, the explanation comes in the last line of the third stanza. The fourth stanza states how bitter these jobless men are, their misery matches the atmosphere as the â€Å"skyline† is being destroyed as the building is torn down. The steelworks made a pattern like â€Å"hieroglyphics†. The day its torn down families gather round like it’s a day out, it reminds  us of tragedies like September 11th. The simile at the end of the fourth stanza shows how important it is to them, like losing someone close to them â€Å"a death†, there will now be an â€Å"appalling void† where the steelworks used to be. These are such negative words it emphasises the meaning of the loss of the steelworks. So in the final stanza, it describes a new beginning, the start of a month, it should be positive as summer is nearing, but as the steelworks are gone, May is a miserable month. There are, however, some positive words â€Å"quieter† â€Å"cleaner† but it goes on to say â€Å"poorer from today† which means the workers have lost their jobs. The fourth line is a repetition from the first stanza. It indicates that although the town might be poor the cherries are still growing. The last line shows it doesn’t take long to forget about the steelworks and life goes on. The sky is blind though and there’s no future for the village. Back to â€Å"Welsh Landscape† the next line in question, â€Å"hushed at the fields corners†, this means, they’re being forced to be quiet, as if by barriers. Then again, Thomas brings up his pessimistic views of Wales, he’s determined to create an atmosphere so people think of past times. He even goes as far as to say things are â€Å"brittle† and would break apart. Its so bad it can’t even have a real ghost, it has pretending â€Å"sham ghosts†. All Wales has are mines so if they are going what else is here? Powerless people unable to perform sexually? Or people â€Å"sick with inbreeding†? That is a harsh opinion, which shows Thomas thinks people never come out of Wales. The last line of the poem is a loose personification, meaning the song can worry and die. The song probably being the Welsh National Anthem. â€Å"Welsh Landscape† has no rhythmic syllable pattern, which implies Wales isn’t structured. There isn’t a rhyme pattern either. In â€Å"East Moors† however, there isn’t a strong syllable pattern, there is however a rhythm and structure to the poem, it relates to the routine of the day. In both poems there are many cases of enjambment, this is mainly caused by the non-structured there’s a lot of punctuation in both poems, I don’t however, believe that it helps with the meaning of the poem. The mood at the start of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Welsh Landscape† is the same as the end, dull, violent and derogatory towards Wales. In â€Å"East Moors† the mood at the start makes you think there’ll be a seasonal changer, that the bitter times have ended, but in fact the times continue to be just as terrible as before.

Impacts of Indian Cinema on Children of Pakistan

The Indian Cinema is currently the Largest film producer in the world. The film industry has been highly rewarding when it comes to the national economy of India. Be it movies, to movie stars, the idea and the drama they portray has been highly admired and enjoyed by people worldwide especially in Pakistan. Thousands of films produced per annum are watched by millions of people from children to adults. And is a big source of encouragement for the Youth to come up and be a part of the largest industry in the world. It might be a huge source of encouragement for the Youth but on the other hand the films have proved to have influenced the young generations on a huge scale in this era. As most of the tech-smart are basically the young generations today, they automatically have access to all sort of media and public forums. Teenagers especially today are too inspired by movies today, they look for motivation and situations they find relatable in their daily life as entertainment. Prior to that, Indian Cinema is well aware what kind of audience to Target today, which is earning alot of revenue for them today. Especially in Pakistan, us Pakistani enjoy and idolize our favorite Indian movies and actors. Every country promoted their religion, tradition and culture through media and India has been quite successful in doing that. Today our Muslim children have memorized all the rituals that are performed in exorcism movies ( I.e; 1920 the movie) and all the Hindu prayers instead of what's in the Quran and its message. Furthermore Indian movies always come up with a feature song, which basically is also known as Item Song. Which features famous actresses for a dance performance in the movie. Such movies have been a huge source of negativity in our country. Indian movies promote nudity and vulgarity which is strictly forbidden in the laws of Islam. The young generations is very much attracted to such movies, songs and stars, which have proved to be very normal. The sad part is that even parents are so outdated from technology they have no idea about the current affairs and what their children are doing on their devices. Our Film Industry seems highly motivated to compete the Indian Cinema too, as they in their recent movies have been featuring Item Songs (i.e Karachi se Lahore). There are various Indian Movies that have been produced to promote rivalry between Pakistan and India which has been a very huge point of negativity leading to recreation of history. This has created a negative image about Pakistan in the minds of our children because the Indian Cinema has blinded the youth by showing false glories and fabricated history to encourage the greatness of Hindustan. The young minds in return get double minded and curious to know what exactly is behind the story and not everyonr is able to prove what actually happened because our elders and seniors, they themselves have been idolizing the Indian Cinema throughout ages. On the brighter side, there are a few positive impacts too, movies like Tarey Zameen Par, 3 Idiots have been quite encouraging and inspirational for the whole nations as the stories they portray have effected A lot of minds from teachers to students who has changed alot of perspectives of people regarding studies. LITERATURE REVIEW With the collaboration of British film Institute, UK film Council and film London both have explored on the local celluloid. They've depicted and looked into the impact of Local cinema on their communities and to develop impact measurement tools, they selected 5 case study cinemas and initial desk researches to explore existing literature on the impact measurement methodologies. They dabbled cinemas of the urban and rural areas of UK. And the research they discoursed and depicted the social, cultural and environmental impacts of Local cinema and overview of income and expenditure on and of cinema. Suraj pratap had some aims behind this desertation which was to analyze the relation of cinnama and Society. There were personal references of the Indian audience on the basis of interest. They discussed the impact of cinema on audience and understood the factors of bollywood either it'd be positive or negative. He implemented the method in which he conducted the number of studies across the world letting in India. They have researched on the students that how science fiction films has an effect on them. Even nowadays Hollywood industry is working on the sci-fic movies way too much and the way modern world is going ahead, students have gained interest in these sort of movies. They've studied context and participants have collected data. They found this by naturalistic research method, students who watched this science fiction movies had some number of misunderstandings about earth science concepts as compared to the students who don't watch the movies. It effects negatively and makes a false concept of Science phenomena. They researched just to get the answer of the question as title mentioned it, 3D movies has the genre where viewers can imagine that all the scenes are having the plave infront of them and all scenerios are in real. We are just going in the flow with the movie and creates the fiction place, characters and story. The methods they used in this research was the sickness questionaire in which they study if it effecting the children negatively as rays may effects them negatively on the other hand they study the design and its eligibility and they made the stastical analysis too. Its a research in which linda rufer defines how movies are effecting children and teenagers psycological manner, where she connects movies with the emotions of children as viewers they connects the fictional movie with themselves as films has the feel of words and actions. Linda describes the positivity in movies many characters have pure soul with the positivity in it where children can get motivation and let them think about their lives, gives hope and energy. Discussion about the category and traits in the research is visible, movies helps children to differenciate between the wrong and right path where teamwork and other good habits like forgiving, being down to earth and many others like this may help teens to get themselves on the road of success. RESEARCH METHADOLOGY Qualative method will be use in this research, Where I will choose 5 to 10 movies as case study to find the objectives and characters of the movies and how they are effecting on the children of pakistan. I will conduct a small interview with the parents in which I discuss the routine of their children and which sort of things children pick after watching movies it leads me to get the answers of my questions. HYPOTHESISNULL HYPOTHESIS: Ho Indian movies has vulgarity and unacceptable elements for the children.ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: HI Indian movies has not vulgarity and unacceptable elements for the children.REFERENCES :British film institute, UK film council, Film LONDON ( 5 November 2005 ). THE IMPACT OF LOCAL CINEMA Suraj Pratap Singh, Banaras hindu university ( Dept. Of Sociology ) Varanasi 22001 ( 4 feb 2015 ) IMPACT OF CINEMA ON YOUTH Heather Barnett, heather Wagner, Anne Gatling, Janice Anderson, Meredith Houle, Alan Kafka ( 25 August 2006 ). IMPACT OF SCIENCE FICTION ON STUDENT UNDERSTANDINGS OF SCIENCE.Angelo G., Solimini ( 13 Feb 2013 ). ARE THERE SIDE EFFECTS TO WATCHING 3D MOVIES? Linda Rufer, University of Pennsylvania ( 1 August 2014 ). MAGIC AT THE MOVIES: POSITIVE PSYCOLOGY FOR CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND FAMILIES.

Immune Response and Hypersensitivity

Axia College Material Appendix C Immune Response and Hypersensitivity Puncture Wound Multimedia Activity After completing the Puncture Wound Multimedia Activity, complete the table below. List the four events of the inflammatory response covered in the activity in the order of occurrence. Rewrite the events in your own words, using vocabulary terms from Ch. 2 of the text. Vascular Events in an Inflammatory Response |Events |Simplified description of event |Professional description of event | |1st |Germs from the nail are introduced below the skin. The skin is broken in some way, in this case by a nail | | | |puncturing the skin. When this occurs, it allows the entry | | | |of pathogens (germs such as bacteria) into the wound. | |2nd |Surrounding cells leak fluid that affects the blood |An immediate local innate response in the infected tissues | | |vessels. is generated by components of the immune system which are | | | |present in those tissues.Those components of the immune | | | | system include macrophages (a type of white blood cell) and | | | |complement proteins (proteins that are involved in the | | | |initial immune response). |3rd |The fluid affecting the surrounding blood vessels causes |Other immune cells (such as neutrophils), leave the | | |the release of other cells into the tissue. |circulation, attracted by the inflammatory mediators | | | |released by the mast cells and enter the wounded area. | |4th |As the wounded part of the body reacts to the germs, |The neutrophil cells attack the pathogens that have entered | | |certain cells destroy these germs. |the wound and begin to kill them.In the meantime, another | | | |specialized immune cell, known as the dendrite cell, carried| | | |parts of the dead pathogen back to the nearby lymphatic | | | |system. | Hypersensitivity Give a brief description and example in your own words for each of the four types of hypersensitivity presented in Ch. 2. Hypersensitivity Matrix Type of Hypersensitivity |Desc ription |Example | |Type I: Allergic/Anaphylactic |Anaphylaxis  is an acute|Anaphylaxis is often triggered by substances that are injected or ingested and | | |multi-system severe |thereby gain access into the blood stream. An explosive reaction involving the skin,| | |type I hypersensitivity|lungs, nose, throat, and gastrointestinal tract can then result. | | |reaction. | |Type II: Cytotoxic/Cytolytic |Cytotoxic are caused by|The reaction of the antibody attachment leads to the activation of complement | | |antibodies, which |proteins (again, encountered earlier). The complement proteins destroy the person's | | |attach to a person's |own blood cells.Type II reactions often occur in incompatible blood transfusions. | | |own blood cells or | | | |tissue cells. | |Type III: Immune Complex |An  immune complex  is |After an  antigen-antibody reaction, the immune complexes can be subject to any of a | | |formed from the |number of responses, including  complement  deposition ,  opsonization,  phagocytosis, or| | |integral binding of an |processing by  proteases. | | |antibody to a soluble | | | |antigen. | |Type IV: Cell-mediated/Delayed|Type IV (cell-mediated)|Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive | | |reactions appear 12-72 |in  phagocytes  and  microbes  that infect non-phagocytic cells. | | |hours after exposure to| | | |an allergen. | |

Procurement and contract management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Procurement and contract management - Coursework Example The present paper looks into the supplier relationship of BCAM which is being managed by Irwin family dealing in agricultural components. The paper will further study the outsourcing options available to the company, suggest a methodology and outline certain difficulties that the company may experience in global outsourcing. a) BCAM – Supplier Relation and Its Consequences Supplier development is a process where on partner in a relationship modifies or otherwise influences the behavior of the other partner with a view to mutual benefit (Crocker, 2009). British Consolidated Agricultural Machinery (BCAM) was established by Harry Irwin’s father hundred years ago during the period of mass industrialization manufacturing tractors and other agricultural machinery such as harvesters, balers, movers, seed drills, and sprayers. While reviewing the purchasing procedure at BCAM, it is revealed that orders are placed in bulk even though if the materials are not required for the pur pose of production so as to avoid logistical time and costs. BCAM supplier development strategy was weak considering the fact they placed their orders with the suppliers who were associated with the company for many years. According to Crocker (2009) supplier development is necessary to develop the supply base in areas of recognized weakness, develop a long term relationship with few reliable suppliers, reduce the risk by sharing information, enhance the benefits of mutual goals and synchronize the overall process of supply chain process. This shows that the company’s transactions were limited to few suppliers and the relationship between both is adversarial as BCAM doesn’t pay them as agreed during the contract. Saunders et al (Swamidass 2000) mentioned that adversarial relationship is promoted when they operate at arm’s length with communication without personal contact and gains by one partner are seen as being at the expense of other contributing to apparent lack of trust and not ready to share information. According to Handfield and Bechtel (2002, reliance on trust at the interpersonal level may be conditioned by legal systems or organizational role responsibilities, mitigating the ability of parties to rely on trust as a matter of first preference. The relationship between BCAM and its suppliers exceeds their contract and operates beyond it resulting in breakage of supply chain management. The company had to face the consequences of such relationship as their orders placed by BCAM would not be taken as top priority leading to purchase departments failure to provide required material for production resulting in delayed customer delivery. The fact that both maintained cordial relationships and confidence on the suppliers side that they would definitely receive their payment made it possible to continue the transaction. Moreover, in such type of relationships, complaints are not addressed due to the negligence from buyers’ side a s evidence in BCAM Company wherein complaints by purchasing department were snubbed by suppliers owing to late payments. b) Buyer Supplier Relationship Approach Organizations are more actively involving suppliers in their integrated development process and identify suppliers as a source of competitive advantage which means that there is an opportunity to develop and identify the factors that could help sustain or improve the relationship between the buyer and the supplier (Nellore, 2001). Developing partnerships with suppliers is

Life Lessons From The Brady Bunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Life Lessons From The Brady Bunch - Essay Example It not only generates new ideas and values but also transmits them to the younger generation. The family is the basic unit of society. In our contemporary society, we find many television programs involving families in different settings in different situations. One can say that almost all the possible issues and predicaments have been portrayed in the screen. For an inquisitive mind such as mine, it becomes interesting to find out how these shows affect the general public. In this study, our attempt will be to examine the relationship between a television program- The Brady Bunch - and its implications to the viewing public. I will be primarily concerned in determining to what degree The Brady Bunch has served as a mirror for society and a medium for transformation or conformity. The concept of "The Brady Bunch" started back in 1966 when Sherwood Schwartz (the creator and producer of the show) heard that somewhere between 20-30% of all families had at least one child from a previous marriage. He wrote a 30-minute pilot episode about a blended family; a man with three boys marries a lady with three girls and in the end they all go on the honeymoon together. He also had prepared several story ideas about the kids and their growing-pains and problems arising due to the new living situation. (Moran, 1992) Moran (1992) further relates that when the s... Yet, the program stands as one of the most important sitcoms of American 1970s television programming, spawning numerous other series on all three major networks, as well as records, lunch boxes, a cookbook, and even a stage show and feature film. The decided emphasis of the series on the Brady children made it very popular among younger audiences. ABC capitalized on this appeal, programming the show early on Friday evenings. This popularity also resulted in various attempts to create other profitable spin-off products: "The Brady Kids," a pop rock group (patterned on "The Archies" and "The Partridge Family"), a Saturday morning cartoon called The Brady Kids (1972-74), and regular appearances of the young actors and actresses (particularly Maureen McCormick and Christopher Knight), in teen fan magazines. Bellefante (1995) also relates that following its initial network run, The Brady Bunch became inordinately popular in rerun syndication. This success can be attributed in part to children's afternoon-viewing patterns. Often programmed as a daily "strip" in after-school time periods, the show found new viewers who had not previously seen the series. The age distribution of the cast may have created appeal among a range of young viewers, and as they aged they were able to take a more ironic viewing stance toward the entertainment of their childhood. The ongoing success of the Brady characters has continually brought them back to television. The Brady Bunch Hour, produced by Sid and Marty Krofft from 1976-1977 on ABC, had the family hosting a vividly-colored disco-oriented variety series. The Brady Brides, on NBC in 1981, was a half-hour sitcom about Marcia and Jan as they dealt with their new husbands and the trials of being married. In December 1988, CBS aired the

Personal statement for hematology oncology fellowship

For hematology oncology fellowship - Personal Statement Example It was relatively new and constantly changing field. I have often been asked by colleagues why I want to be an oncologist and I tell them that the decision to become an oncologist was influenced by my own personal experiences and interactions with oncologists when my mother was treated for cancer. I was with my mother during the entire treatment and I had close communications with the oncologists treating her. Based on those experiences I was able to have a sense of what I would want done for a clos relative. I understood how I would have preferred to be informed and treated. Furthermore, working as a clinical observer in a private hematology/oncology clinic helped me to have a closer look at the specialty. Having the privilege to be in an academic setting allowed me to have direct input from hematology/oncology consults. Working with a few brilliant physicians in this field during my residency has been truly enlightening and rewarding. It has played a big role in making up my mind i n this direction. I believe oncology is one of the few specialties in internal medicine where physicians actually possess the ability to actually cure patients. Although it is not possible to prolong every patient’s life, the very knowledge that I hopefully helped to maintain an optimal quality of life is a very satisfying thing.

Philippines 1800+ (or if befor it's ok) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philippines 1800+ (or if befor it's ok) - Essay Example This prestigious status granted to the upper class was known as the encomienda, and they would organize the natives to makeup a soldier battalion for the king, which would in turn be used to fight against other subsequent invaders such as the Dutch and the Britons. However, those granted this state misused it, and eventually the system of governance was abolished by 1700, with an introduction of the administrative provinces, which were then administered by the provincial governors, selected amongst the colonists (Meyer, 33). The church also played a major role in the administration of the colony, through managing the sentiments of the inhabitants, and the powers of the church leaders, also referred to as the friars, were even greater than those of the governor responsible for governing an administrative province. The major characteristic of the Spanish governance in the colony was the establishment of a plaza in every city, which formed the administrative center, where the government , the church and the market area were located, while the residential areas then surrounded the administrative center (Burrell, 112). ... Taxation was a requirement for the residents of the colony, who had to pay a tribute that consisted of the tax to the government and a certain percentage as tithe to the church. Forced labor was the other aspect that was introduced into the Philippines colony, where the residents had to provide 40 days of community labor, which was eventually reduced to 15 days in 1884, for all peoples aged 16 to 60 years (Burrell, 72). However, the forced labor system created a corruption avenue for the encomienda, who would ask for a bribe in exchange for absentia to the mandatory communal work. It is both the abuse of power by the religious orders and the abuse of power by the encomienda that led to the Philippine revolution of 1898, which brought the end of the colonization of the Philippines by the Spanish Empire. The formation of the rebel groups in readiness for the revolution started in 1896, and by the December of 1897, the rebel groups had spread throughout all the provinces and caused a ma jor stalemate with the provincial governments, making it hard for the governments to undertake their administrative roles (Burgan, 64). The ability of the Spanish to resist the rebels was weakened by the breakout of the Spanish-American war in 1898, which forced the Spanish to enter into a treaty with the Americans to sell the Philippines colony to America at $20 million, as well as turn in Guam and Puerto Rico, thus formerly ending the Spanish rule of the Philippines (Burrell, 98). On the other hand the patriot Filipinos had taken the acquisition of much of the territory, and declared the independence of First Philippine Republic in July 1898, but the American

Tourism of Byron Bay in New South Wales, Australia Research Paper - 1

Tourism of Byron Bay in New South Wales, Australia - Research Paper Example Various destinations have been emerging as tourist attractions all around the world possessing unique features and offerings for tourism. Byron Bay is a city which is situated near beach area in New South Wales, Australia. The town is situated 772 kilometres from north of Sydney as well as 165 kilometres from south of Brisbane. The town consists of several beaches which are quite popular for boat surfing. It is recognised as a resort which is admired by both domestic as well as international tourists. Tourism policies in South West Australia have been characterised by reactive responses towards the need for income opportunities, especially concerning the rural communities with the hope that tourism will endorse regional development as well as help in restructuring the domestic economy. It is in this context that there exist many groups of stakeholders such as government agencies, maintenance groups, developers and domestic residents who play an influencing role in determining the excellence of the tourist destination. The primary aim of these stakeholders is to attain growth and development in the tourism management o f Australia (Jenkins & Michael, 1993). In 1998, a â€Å"National Plan for Tourism† was discharged by the Federal government of Australia to deliver the direction of Tourism policy formulation as well as industry strategy planning. The measures comprised of the plan aims to address the obstacles caused by sectoral growth seeking to protect Australia’s reputation as an excellent tourist destination. The main purpose of this plan has been to develop prospects for rising markets through implementing objective as well as customer-centric marketing strategies, promoting the development of provincial tourism, increasing industrial standard as well as ability levels, developing information in relation to the tourism industry.

Aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aesthetics - Essay Example In the year 1959, Frank Sibley proposed a different perspective regarding aesthetical concepts saying that these concepts do not depend on any rules or conditions; however, perceptions play a crucial role in judgment or appreciation of the artwork. Subsequently, the article discussed two types of aesthetic concepts: closed concepts and open concepts, where closed concepts come along with some conditions and open concepts enjoy no conditions attached. Lastly, Author indicated that although a number of theorists and scholars have proposed various definitions of art; however, all of them fall in one of the three categories: representation, expression, and form. Since centuries, art and beauty remained some of the influential and significant notions of the human society that inspired individuals to develop aesthetical understanding of existing, as well as non-existing objects. However, particular studies focusing on aesthetics began in early 18th century as theorists and philosophers proposed their theories of harmony, art, music, etc. In such efforts, Immanuel Kant has been prominent as a number of theorists used Kantian thoughts for their basis. In brief, Kant proposed that inclusion of concepts and perceptions into art causes impurity in artworks, and thus, objectivity or universality is essential for purity in the artwork. The author of this article has specifically conversed about different aesthetic concepts that existed since eighteenth century in this sub-topic of ‘Aesthetic Concepts’ in his article, ‘Aesthetics’ (Slater, 2005). In this regard, author indicated that 18th century witnessed development of wild romanticism in art and literature that enabled appreciation of a significant aesthetic notion, ‘Sublimity.’ To validate his point, author has indicated usage of similar term in Edmund Burke’s book in which, Burke showed closer

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example In fact, the scope of literature does not include data that is relevant for all the businesses and touches the dilemma between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ solely within corporate management. Thus, the given essay can serve as a background for further researches on this topic that will investigate this problem in different business environments. To start with, the notion of ‘good’ manager needs clarification, since this topic is problematic to date. In this context, the fact that capitalism serves as a preliminary condition of contemporary corporations’ appearance leads to the misunderstanding between ‘good’ management and ‘bad’ ethics. In capitalist framework, the very establishment of enterprise is self-regulatory enough to be good for the society. As a result, no significant attention was paid to the analysis of business in ethical terms in the context of early capitalist development. Because of this, ambiguity between et hics and profit appears nowadays. In Smith’s words, ‘No regulation of commerce can increase the quantity of industry in any society beyond that capital can maintain†¦ And it is by no means certain that this artificial direction is likely to be more advantageous to the society than that into which it would have gone of its own accord†¦ The study of his [every individual] own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society.’ In the given passage, it is hard to measure the difference between the choice motivated by profit means and by public good. In this context, personal motivation has crucial role; moreover, the level of publicity and acknowledgment of social needs define the ethical behavior in modern times (Trevià ±o and Nelson 2011: 323).

The 3M Company Case Study Essay Example for Free

The 3M Company Case Study Essay Introduction The 3M Company is a $18 billion diversified technology company with leading positions in health care, safety, electronics, telecommunications, industrial, consumer and office, and other markets. Headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota, 3M has operations in more than 60 countries, serving customers worldwide. 3M is one of the top 50 Fortune 500 companies and has been one of Fortune magazines ten most admired corporationsfor the last ten years. Since its founding in 1902, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company has become one of the worlds most innovative and productive companies. 3Ms primary growth strategy is to sell more existing products into new markets and to introduce new products into new or existing markets.3M mission is to be the most innovative enterprise and the preferred supplier to customers. 3M vision is to sastisfy customers with superior quality, value, and service. A division of the 3M Company, 3M Health Information Systems, the largest and one of the fastest-growing of 3Ms seven major businesses, serves medical, dental, pharmaceutical, and personal care markets. 3M Health Information Systems is a leading provider of advanced software tools and services that help health care organizations capture, classify, and manage accurate health care data. With more than 20 years of industry experience, 3M Health Information Systems solutions help ensure the quality of data and the processes that drive an organizations ability to manage revenue, comply with regulations, improve the quality of patient care, and manage resources effectively. Read more: 3MÂ  Organizational Structure Through this paper, 4 main points will be discussed in order to identify the position of 3M strategy regarding its innovation management,especially in the health care division . First of all, lets identify the main issues of 3M affecting its innovation management. The second point will be to discuss the national system of innovation in health care.As a third point , three academical framework will be applied to 3M innovation management. Lastly , based on the findings get on analysis of the theories , some recommendations will be suggested to improve 3M innovation management. Section 1: select an organisation and outline the main problems which impact on the effective innovation management.In answering this part of the question you may, if appropriate, provide examples of recent innovation in product, services or process. In the field of innovation management , 3M is the leader. 3Ms corporate strategy shows anyway some internal and external concerns which impact the effective innovation management put in place at 3M. The first concern which come up is that 3M has established a corporate goal of generating 30% of sales from products introduced within the previous four years. In striving to attain this goal, the company spends 7 cents of every sales dollar on R D more than twice the average of U.S. manufacturing companies.It could be seen as too much concentration of innovations even if they are not necessary in the market. According to William Coyne, 2001 at 3M, in recognition that product life cycle are becoming shorter, the company has recently set up a new goal of 10 per cent of sales coming from product less than a year old. But as most business leader would acknowledge that developing genuianely new products is a high risk activity : industrial product have only a 50:50 chance of being succesfull, while consumer goods fare even worse , with a one ten chance of succeeding . In attempt to meet the 30% or 10% rule, the employees strive to introduce new innovations on the products, even if those innovations do not add any value to the customers whilst the company is heavily spending on RD. The second concern which was noted related to 3M innovation management. Gundling, E. (2000) argues that 3M declared victory too early .In fact 3M has a high publicity and reputation for innovation and this lead to over confidence resulting that every employee believe that they are all innovators .So there is noone to set the standards for innovation, against which innovation performance can be assessed. The troubles that afflicted 3M is the environment that encourages people to work around and defy their superiors and a determination to let the company follow where its scientists and customers lead.However , it is important for 3M employee not to fall into the trap of happy self deception or to be content with just incremental products.In fact , according to William Coyne (2001), the company top managers were very concerned that too much of the companys growth was coming from incremental improvement to existing products. The third drawbacks that 3M has is the fact that they produce overwhelming too many products than what overseas subsidiaries can manage to market . Ernest Gundling (2000) argues that subsidiaries employees are trying to serve the needs of numerous 3m divisions simultaneously , some employees are kept so busy dealing with US or regional headquaters that they lack the time to focus on their customers. As a result 3M is very big but acts small. Each of 3Ms 45 product divisions constitute a business in itself with its specific customer base, with its own general manager, marketing director, technical director, human resources director, manufacturing director, and national sales manager (Coyne, 1997). 3M is a highly decentralized company, but care is taken to decentralize to units that are large enough to be self-standing and, therefore, capable of funding their own RD. On the other hand, 3M attempts to prevent divisions from getting so large that individual innovations do not count. 3Ms strong belief in divisional autonomy is countervailed by the corporate requirements of a high level of innovativeness and interdivisional knowledge-sharing (Goold et al.,1994, p.203). Fourthly , according to Gundling, E. (2000),3M still unofficially practices lifetime employment. It is possible to get fired, but normally only for a serious ethical breach, gross imcompetence , lack of motivation, or negligence. When the company decided to reduce their workforce , the only concern they face is how to preserve the experience and sense of dedication that will ensure continued innovation in the company.In fact people laid off because of their performance or early retirement are well attracted by others firms to work and share the knowledge they acquire through 3M experience. Finally 3M face not only internal concerns as seen before but external environnement affect as well its innovation management. In fact according to Gundling, E. (2000), when a product has been approved for marketing, 3m still have to wait the review from the regulatory agencies in other countries.This could slow down the innovation process of the company for instance for the launch of the Aldara cream. Section B : Briefly indicate how the National System of Innovation influences the company s ability to manage innovation. According to Tidd, J. et al (2001), the national system of innovation in which a firm is embedded, strongly influences both the direction and the vigour of its own innovation activities. He identifies three national factors that influence the rate and direction of innovation, National market incentives and pressures; competencies in production and research; and institutions for corporate governance. The innovation policy whereby 3M scientists hold regular meetings with customers allows the company to utilise knowledge available on the market, for its innovation management. In relation to health care products, 3M is forced to keep innovating due to intense competition and regulation in the US. Competition does also promote innovation by providing opportunity for formation of alliances to share costs and risks in risky and costly projects. 3M enjoys national competencies in production and research through the availability of universities with which it has research links. US, as a nation also ranks high among nations with good innovation environment indicators. The nation has steadily increased its RD expenditure (as a percentage of GNP) from 0.99% to 1.60% between 1967 and 1998. Tidd, J. et al (2001) estimated that US per capita and per researcher RD expenditure was US $ 650 and US $ 169,650 respectively. RD Personnel ratio was estimated at 3,700 per million population. Tidd, J. et al (2001) posit that increased share of RD expenditure as a percentage of GDP for USA (as well as Germany and Japan) has been responsible for the growth of major firms in pharmaceuticals and telecommunication. USA has also good institutions that promote RD. These include, the National Institute of Health, which is a government funded body active in biotechnology RD . Section C: Select three analytical frameworks from the course as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of the organization s approach to innovation management. There is 3 theoritical framework that could applied to 3M innovation management concept . The first model that could be applied to 3M innovation management is the Knowledge creation Model . According to Professor Nonaka and Takeuchi, (1995), there is two types of knowledge :Tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge .Through this dynamic interaction between the two types of knowledge, personal knowledge becomes organizational knowledge. And the organizational knowledge or intellectual infrastructure of an organization encourages its individual members to develop new knowledge through new experiences. This dynamic process is the key to organizational knowledge creation. This interaction between the two types of knowledge brings about what we call four modes of knowledge conversion that is, socialization (from individual tacit knowledge to group tacit knowledge), externalization (from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge), combination (from separate explicit knowledge to systemic explicit knowledge), and internalization (from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge). Socialization is a process of creating common tacit knowledge through shared experiences. For socialization, we need to build a field of interaction, where individuals share experiences and space at the same time, thereby creating common unarticulated beliefs or embodied skills. In the case of 3M , personal tacit knowledge which 3M requires through their recruitment process to only take knowledgeable employees and that tacit knowledge will be transferred through team working , for instance the division managers nust know each staffers first name(Mitchell,1991). Externalization is a process among individuals within a group. During such face-to-face communication people share beliefs and learn how to better articulate their thinking, though instantaneous feedback and the simultaneous exchange of ideas. This mode is triggered by a dialog. In fact when an employee come up with a product idea, he or she recruits an action team to develop it(Mitchell,1991). Combination is a process of assembling new and existing explicit knowledge into a systemic knowledge, such as a set of specifications for a prototype of a new product. Often, a newly created concept should be combined with existing knowledge to materialize it into something tangible. For instance according to Gundling, E. (2000), 3Ms Technical Forum is a means for all technical people share technologies, practices, policies, and procedures. Exchange of technical personnel knowledge to different divisions, or other countries where 3M has operations, is common. Internalization is a process of embodying explicit knowledge into tacit, operational knowledge such as know-how. This mode is triggered by learning by doing or using. Explicit knowledge documented into text, sound, or video formats facilitates the internalization process. Therefore, manuals, a quintessential example of explicit knowledge, are widely used for internalization. That has been done in 2002 when 3M published the book which is a compilation of 3M voices, memories, facts and experiences from the companys first years : The innovation century , the 3M story. The second model that could be applied to 3m innovation management is the culture-innovation model The innovative culture of 3M has been the driving force for the companys continuous innovation and growth into a major world-wide, large-scale manufacturer. Applying the theory developed by Teece, we assessed that 3M has developed complementary assets, in terms of research ability residing in individual knowledge and technical expertise held by 3M scientists. Furthermore, this culture has helped the company develop dynamic capabilities by analysing and anticipating future customer needs (opportunities) and translating these opportunities into product novelty, by combining various complementary assets in a competitive, hardly inimitable way. 3M is a company whose culture has led to thousands of new products every year for decades, probably the premiere company in bringing new products to market. 3Ms development process is dramatically different from most, yet it is highly successful at new product development. Innovative new products from 3M because of a well-thought-out set of mechanisms which support emergent activity. 3Ms corporate strategies explicitly promote an innovative spirit. These strategies include: 30% if sales must result from products less than 4 years old; technical people can spend 15% of their time on projects of their own choosing; every division has access to technologies developed anywhere in the company and has the responsibility to share the technological needs of its customers throughout the company. 3Ms corporate culture is very supportive of risk taking, teamwork, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Failure is viewed as a learning experience; employee relations are informal and on a first-name basis; the technological base is diversified and technological exchange is encouraged throughout the company; and 3M maintains a strong commitment to develop customer-driven products. These principles have all been followed at 3M for decades. The specific human resource (HR) strategy helps 3M foster innovation, retain research talent and reduce the employee turnover by giving scientists personal research time, rewarding innovation and adopting a constructive approach towards product failures. As shown in the case, the specific HR policy along with the innovative culture has been the milestones in the development and the success of the company over several decades of operation. By providing the framework for innovation, 3M allows the innovation process to be controlled almost entirely by the individual scientists, who are encouraged to think outside the square and develop new products within the specifications required by the market. The third framework that will apply 3M innovation management will be the organic structure. The organic structure is more flexible, more adaptable to a participative form of management, and less concerned with a clearly defined structure. The organic organization is open to the environment in order to capitalize upon new opportunities. Organic organizations have a flat structure with only one or two levels of management. Flat organizations emphasize a decentralized approach to management that encourage high employee involvement in decisions. In 3M, this translates into a structure where most employees network into at least five levels: department, division, group, sector and company. For purposes of innovation, the key level is the division. Each of the companys 40-some divisions develops, manufactures and sells its own products, and each has a structure appropriate to its market. Most divisions include functional departments division labs, manufacturing, marketing, sales, logistics and so forth as well as cross-functional teams. 3Ms resulting formal structure may look like a bureaucracys analytical hierarchy on an organization chart. But, in fact, the structure acts less like a bureaucratic prison than a platform, from which employees are expected to learn and serve customers. For instance, like the units in a living thing, the departments in any division have semi-permeable boundaries. Sales people arent trained only in sales. They learn about their divisions technology so they can describe products to customers. Moreover, theyre expected to work with people in the marketing and research departments of their divisions and to network across the company. Similarly, technical and manufacturing people regularly visit customers manufacturing facilities to learn about their operations. As a result, they sometimes see possible uses of 3M products those customers havent thought of. As an example, about 15 years ago, technical people were visiting an auto manufacturers factory and learned that the rivets they used to hold side molding to doors were rusting. So the technical people went back to the lab and developed an acrylic foam tape that replaced the rivets and solved the problem. Additionally, 3M has a flexible organisational structure, with a dual ladder approach, allowing employees with technical background to advance in their career without having to switch to management. Furthermore, we assessed that the dual ladder reveals a matrix internal corporate organisational structure allowing the firm to react promptly to market opportunities and assemble quickly multi-disciplinary teams of employees. This internal organisational structure is not visible from the outside and it is not easy to be copied by competitors, due to the high complexity of the relationships that establish within this matrix (span of command and delegation of authority). Section D: Based on your analysis in section C explain how the organization could improve the management of innovation: Based on the findings in the third question 3M has managed to innovate continuously and create a large pool of products (over 30,000 products), achieving continuous profitable growth over time. So suggesting new recommendations for the improvement of 3M innovation management is a difficult approach but any company even 3M has some limitation so few suggestions will be recommendable : As explained in the third question, the lack of a system to guide product developers who are seeking to create breakthroughs is a problem even for a company like 3M, long known for its success with innovation. The innovation culture the company has nurtured and the continuous investments in research and development (RD) over several decades has helped 3M get deep roots in several competencies for instance in applied technology for health care. But willing to create although very new products and services may be essential to future growth and profit, companies must first survive to get to the future. That necessity tends to focus companies strongly on making incremental improvements in order to keep sales up and current customers and Wall Street analysts happy. Second, developers simply dont know how to achieve breakthroughs, because there is usually no effective system in place to guide and support their efforts. Employees knows only that 30% of sales must come from products that had not existed four years earlier. So even if the product could have a life cycle more than four years , 3M reduce it in order to comply to the rule. For the Medical-Surgical Markets Division to secure future growth it would be advisable that the division maintain a balance between incremental and revolutionary innovation. As well as promoting more the activities like marketing or branding for the product created in the health care division because the cost of investment put in place for the creation of thoses products will be only recovered if the product stays in the market longer than 3M would. By shortering the product life cycle , it increases the RD expenditure. Even the most effective innovating firms such as 3M may create organizational bureaucracy that slows down innovation. The most successful innovators know that just spending more on RD is not enough; neither is anticipating customer needs. 3M employs a strategy of high decentralization and autonomy for its divisions, or units. In reality 3M also does not follow the traditional approach to organizational design. 3M consistently achieves its goal of having 15 percent of its revenue come from new products by providing managers with the latitude to move from one business unit or laboratory to another without bureaucratic obstruction. It is during the knowledge creation process that Project groups, operating with few constraints from the formal organization, come together to accomplish a task and disband when their work is completed. One of my recommendation regarding the 3M structure is to merge RD with Sales and Marketing, subsequently creating a number of small cross-departmental innovation teams. Realignment of goals and business planning would be crucial during this phase and reappointment according to respective areas of expertise must be communicated positively, offering alternative thoughtfully designed posts, linking salary to performance. Linkage between these teams must be fabricated carefully. By creating this as an independant workforce they will be delegating responsibility , flexibility.They will be able to access fast, good communication will be involve to share the available information. This approach will enable the company to retain all the insight and move on quickly to the next step on a real time basis. . By allowing RD , Sales and Marketing to mix and to participate in decision-making, their suggestions could have changed the outcome by allowing them to respond in a timely manner and adjust their strategies to fit their consumers. It is also recommended to start with small grouping of activities because it is reducing risk and remain tight control and maintain that organic structure put in place within 3M. Finally creating independent small units that can rapidly respond to customers needs or changes in the business environment. The supervisor tends to have a more personal relationship with his or her employees in order to motivate them to succed in their object ives. Summary : 3M, which obtains 30% of sales from new products within four years, offers an example of how a culture of innovation can take root and become integral to the continuing success of a company after nearly a century. Even if 3M is the model of innovation management for other companies, it has some limitations in its proper culture, structure and HRM policy which lead 3M to make some improvements that enable them to excell in their competitive advantage.The national system of innovation is the foundation of their actual direction. After analysing the three theoritical frameworks , there is no doubt that 3M innovation management provide the effectiveness at all level. Total Word Count: 3108 Section A: 569 Section B: 283 Section C: 1321 Section D: 935 Reference: 3M Company, 2002, A Century Of Innovation, 3M Company, USA 3M Company Annual Report, 2003 3M Company, USA Achtmeyer, W.F. (2002), 3M Corporation, Centre for Global Leadership, available on http://mba.tuch.dartmouth.edu Boxal, P. and Purcel, J., (2003), Strategy and Human Resource Management, PalgraveMacMillan, New York. Cobbenhagen, J. (2000), Successful Innovation: Towards a new theory for the management of small and medium-sized entreprises, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, UK Cohen, W., Nelson, R. and Walsh, J. (2002), Links and Impacts: The influence of public research on industrial RD, Management Science, Vol. 48, pp 1-23 Frohman (1980) in Cobbenhagen, J. (2000), Successful Innovation: Towards a new theory for management of small and medium sized entrprises, Edward Edgar Publishing Ltd, UK). Goold, Campbell and Alexander (1994), Corporate Level Strategy: Creating value in the multi-business company, John Wiley and Sons, New York Gundling, E. (2000), The 3M-way to innovation: Balancing people and profit, Kodansha, London Larkins, R.J., (2000), Government research program briefing, available on http://www.fas.org/man/congress/2000/000510-larkins_may_10.htm Lorentzen, A. (2003), Knowledge and knowledge bases in the learning process of Polish companies, Aalborg University, available on http://www.druid.dk/conferences/summer 2003 Minnesota Statutes, 2003, Ch 116J. 885, available on http://www.state.mn.us/stats/116J/ Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), The knowledge-Creating Company, Oxford Press, New York. Porter, M.E. 1998, Competitive Advantage: Creating and sustenance of superior performance, Free Press, New York Mitchell Russel,(1991), Masters of innovation : How 3M keeps its new product coming Terziovski, M. Samson, D and Glassop, L. (2001), Creating Corporate Competence through management of organisational innovation, Research paper, available on http://www.fsed.org/research/projects , 2001. Thomas Swan, Top twenty innovators: The mothers of inventions, available on http://www.thomas_swan.co.uk (2004) Thomhe, S. and Von Hippel, E. (2002),Harvard Business Review, April,pp74-81 Tidd, J., Bessant, J. and Pavitt, K. (2002), Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organisational Change (2nd edn), John Wiley Sons Inc, USA Von Hippel, E., Thomhe, S. and Sonnach, M. (1999), Breakthroughs to order at 3M, Sloan School of Management, available on http://web.mit.edu/evhippel

Ethical Issues Involved in End-of-Life Decision-Making Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues Involved in End-of-Life Decision-Making Essay End-of-life decision-making entails looking into ethical, cultural, as well as, legal concerns. All of the aforementioned has to be carefully considered if one has to decide to end his or her own life. This paper will look into the ethical, cultural, and legal issues that go along with end-of-life decision-making. It also intends to state what therapist can contribute in his or her participation in the discussion of end-of-life decision making together with his or her colleagues, as well as, patients their families. Ethical Issues Involved in End-of-Life Decision-Making There are ethical indispensable issues involved in end-of-life decision-making and some are the following: First of all is the issue on utilitarianism, since this is said to be the â€Å"foundation of morals† then it is linked to the end-of-life decision-making as well (Ebenstein Ebenstein 1991, p. 580). Here, it is said that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Ebenstein Ebenstein 1991, p. 580). â€Å"Happiness† here is regarded as the â€Å"absence of pain† and â€Å"unhappiness† is the presence of the aforementioned (Germino 1972, p. 240). It is an issue because happiness is not all that matters in ending a life (Ebenstein Ebenstein 1991, p. 580). In addition to that, how can one be sure that the absence of pain, which is death in this case, will lead to happiness of the person chiefly involved in the end-of-life decision-making (Ebenstein Ebenstein 1991, p. 580)? The same is true with the family of main person involved, will they be experience happiness if the patient opts to end his or her life voluntarily instead of waiting for his or her ‘natural’ death to take place (Ebenstein Ebenstein 1991, p. 580)? Second is the issue related with the Kantian model or what is technically referred to as the â€Å"deontological theory† (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). This states that a person has to fulfill a certain responsibility or duty as a part of his objective (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). This statement now seems to be irrational since the concrete definition of a responsibility or duty is not provided (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). For example, is it the person’s responsibility to subject himself or herself to death (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). It may be his or her right to choose to live or die but if asked if it is his or her responsibility remains a big question (Bennagen, 2000, p. 50). Last but not least, there are some health care providers who are extremely conscious about â€Å"how much money is spent on patients and how effectively it is spent† (Hinman, 2000, p. 9). Some individuals feel that the amount of money spent on terminally ill patients is not really worth it (Hinman, 2000, p. 9). This is highly unethical; it is as if one is saying that money is far more important than actually trying to save a life (Hinman, 2000, p. 9). Cultural Issues Involved in End of Life Decision-Making Furthermore, there are several cultural issues involved in end-of-life decision-making as well and some are the following: First of all, there are some members of a cultural minority that prefers to be spoken to directly with regards to the disease that they are going through (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516). Although, there are also some who do not (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). In fact some immediate family members request that they be the ones to be spoken to only since they believe that informing the patient will only make the patient feel worse and will eventually negatively affect him or her (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). The same is true when it comes to making decisions with regards to the medications/treatment that the patient will undergo; some family members prefer that they be the ones to be in charge about this instead of the doctor and/or the patient (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Second, patients who belong to a cultural group sometimes opt â€Å"not to be directly informed† about the disease he or she is going through especially if it’s a life-threatening one (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Third, some patients also would prefer to carry out certain religious activities and spiritual traditions so as to assist in their medical treatment, and eventually, their healing as well (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Last but not least, some patients take into consideration their beliefs and outlook when it comes to the â€Å"medical experts, suffering, as well as, the afterlife† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 516. ). Legal Issues Involved in End-of-Life Decision-Making There are also certain legal concerns when it comes to end-of-life decision-making: Most of the States disallows physician-assisted suicide; for example in New York, it is unlawful â€Å"under the general homicide laws† (Legal Status of Assisted/Euthanasia in the United States, n. d. , n. p. ). The same is true in Virginia wherein â€Å"there is no law that actually covers physician-assisted suicide but there is a statute which imposes civil sanctions on persons assisting in a suicide† (Legal Status of Assisted/Euthanasia in the United States, n. d. , n. p. ). My Participation as a Therapist in the Discussion of End-of-Life Decision-Making along with Colleagues There are several things that I may contribute as a therapist to my colleagues. I can share with them my knowledge with regards to how to communicate with patients of diverse culture (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). I can request them to â€Å"demonstrate an interest to the patient’s cultural heritage† for them to be able to give the patient â€Å"culturally-sensitive care† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). In addition to that, I will also let them know that it is important to give the patient â€Å"autonomy† especially when it comes to â€Å"non-disclosure of medical information and family-centered decision-making† because through the aforementioned, the patient will eventually feel that their â€Å"cultural norms are being respected† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). My Participation as a Therapist in the Discussion of End-of-Life Decision-Making along Patients and their Families Finally, I may also be of great assistance to patients and their families with regards to their discussion of end-of-life decision-making through the following: 1) I will respect it if the â€Å"patient prefers that his or her family members be the recipients of diagnostic and treatment information†; 2) I will make sure first who is the member of the family who’s appointed to make treatment decisions before speaking to him or her or giving them an advice with regards to the medical procedures or treatment; and 3) I will help them find another therapist/physician in case they are uncomfortable with the current one and especially if their therapist/physician â€Å"belong to the different ethnic background† (Searight et. al. , 2005, p. 521. ). As a therapist, I will try to advise them the best I can while considering their cultural background, incorporating my ethical/moral standards, and making sure that I will abide by the laws as well. References Bennagen, P. (2000). Social Economic and Political Thought. Q. C. : UP Press. Ebenstein, W. and Ebenstein, A. 1991, Great Political Thinkers: Plato to the President.Harcourt Brace, Forth Worth. Germino, D. 1972, Machiavelli to Marx: Modern Western Political Thought. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Hinman, L. M. (2000). Ethical Issues in End of Life Decisions: A Guide to Understanding Differences. Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http://ethics. sandiego. edu/presentations/sharp/index_files/v3_document. htm Legal Status of Assisted/Euthanasia in the United States. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 28, 2008 from http://www. nightingalealliance. org/pdf/state_grid. pdf Searight, H. R. Gafford, J. (2005). Cultural Diversity at the End of Life: Issues and Guidelines for Family Physicians. American Family Physician, 71(3), 515 – 522.

A Report On Shirdi Tourism Essay

A Report On Shirdi Tourism Essay Shirdi Shirdi is a small town located in the Ahmednagar district in the western Indian state of Maharashta and is a religious destination of universal appeal Shirdi is perhaps one of those revered destinations that attracts devouts across all religions. Significance Unlike other holy cities in India that can trace their origins to thousands of years back, some cities were known places of religious importance as early as the pre Christian era, Shirdis rise to reverence and as a religious destination is quite recent. Shirdi has been home to Shri Sai Baba, one of Indias most revered saints. It is believed that Shri Sai Baba lived and gained spiritual awakening in Shirdi. Some devotees believe that he was an incarnation of Lord Shiva or Lord Dattatreya. His teachings combined the religious teachings of Hinduism and Islam and thousands of devouts converge on Shirdi each year to seek his blessings. Attractions The Sai Baba Temple: The Sai Baba temple is the principal attraction in Shirdi and is thronged by thousands of devotees each year, irrespective of religion, caste and creed. The temple, built to commemorate Sai Baba, is built at the spot where Sai Baba is said to have taken his Samadhi. The temple is professionally managed by the Shri Sai Baba Sansthan and devotees can offer puja services throughout the day and can also see the aarti ritual which happens five times every day. The most calming and spiritually awakening ritual is the Kakad Aarti that happens every morning with the opening of the temple. The penultimate aarti ritual is called the Shej Aarti and signals the end of the day. The temple remains open overnight only on Gurupoornima, Dassera and Ramnavami. The temple also has a massive hall that cam accommodate around 600 visitors. Within the mandir one can also find a personal museum of Sai Baba that showcases the things that Sai Baba used in his lifetime. Samadhi Mandir: This is another, smaller shrine that marks the exact spot of Sai Babas Samadhi that is built with while marble. The Samadhi is enclosed with decorated marble railings and is watched over by a statue of Sai Baba carved from white Italian marble. Dwarkamai: History records that Sai Baba left Shirdi for some years but eventually returned to Shirdi with a marriage procession and stayed at Dwarkamai, a mosque situated on the right of the entrance to the Samadhi mandir. The main attraction of Dwarkamai is the oil painting of Sai Baba sitting in a carved wooden shrine. How to Reach Shirdi is well connected by rail and road to the rest of India. The nearest airport is at Nasik, 75 km away. Shirdi is also slated to have its own airport by 2012. Shirdi also has a rail station and is connected by rail to other cities in India. A dedicated train service is available from Mumbai. Shirdi, given its religious importance, is also well connected by road with the other cities in India.

Dysfunctional Families in Revolutionary Road and Anna Karenina Essay

Dysfunction within an individual can be the result of various occurrences, whether it is a traumatic experience that has stemmed into a life of self-doubt and vulnerability, or it is a series of unfortunate events that has led the individual to believe that life is simply an ongoing controversy. However, dysfunction within a family is much more than self-afflicted stress, it is rooted within the familial bonds that gradually break as a result of conflict, co-dependent adults, perhaps substance abuse, and oftentimes a struggle of conformity brought on by an external source. In the novels Revolutionary Road and Anna Karenina, Richard Yates and Leo Tolstoy depict familial dysfunction that can occur as a result of society’s overwhelming ability to alter perspective and act as a catalyst to mediocrity. The characters that choose to conform to society’s moral values end up losing themselves in the process, causing dysfunction within the family unit; whereas the characters tha t choose to take their lives into their own hands and ignore society’s wrath ultimately prevail and restore moral order within themselves and within their families. Firstly, in Anna Karenina, the protagonist, Anna, is isolated by her hypocritical society with superficial values, which in turn leads her to her downfall. Secondly, in Revolutionary Road, John and April Wheeler are conflicted with society’s primary focus on materialism and wealth, which leads to the downfall of their dream causing their marriage to collapse. Similarly, both societies are led by the same motives where the protagonists of the novels seem to be corrupted by external sources, predominantly being their judgmental societies, which consequently causes the corruption of their families. Lastly, ... ...selves, and ultimately within the family unit by gaining a sense of perspective on what truly matters, being inner content, as opposed to societies judgment. The conflict of what truly causes a family to become dysfunctional wages on in literature, however Yates and Tolstoy inherently prove that the corruption of a family is typically the result of a degraded society with deteriorated morals. Bibliography †¢ Olesen, John, Joanne Fallon, and Louise Mark. Groups: a manual for chemical dependency and psychiatric treatment. Santa Fe, NM (342 Hillside Ave., Santa Fe 87501): CL Productions, 1993. Print. †¢ Tolstoj, Lev NikolaeviÄ . Anna Karenina. [Complete and unabridged]. ed. Ware (Hertfordshire): Wordsworth, 1995. Print. †¢ Yates, Richard. Revolutionary road. 3rd Vintage contemporaries ed. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, Vintage Books :, 2008. Print.

New Urbanism Essay -- Suburban Developement Planning Essays

New Urbanism New Urbanism, a burgeoning genre of architecture and city planning, is a movement that has come about only in the past decade. This movement is a response to the proliferation of conventional suburban development (CSD), the most popular form of suburban expansion that has taken place since World War II. Wrote Robert Steuteville, "Lacking a town center or pedestrian scale, CSD spreads out to consume large areas of countryside even as population grows relatively slowly. Automobile use per capita has soared, because a motor vehicle is required for nearly all human transportation"1. New Urbanism, therefore, represents the converse of this planning ideology. It stresses traditional planning, including multi-purpose zoning, accessible public space, narrow street grids for easy pedestrian usage and better placement of community buildings. Only a few hundred American communities are utilizing this method of planning, but the impact is quickly growing in an infant field dominated by a few inf luential architects and engineers. Perhaps the most well known pioneers of New Urbanism are Andrà ©s Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck of Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company (DPZ), a wildly successful architectural firm boasting three offices across the eastern seaboard.2 Although the company was founded in 1980, it gained national recognition for its design of Seaside, Florida in 19892. Seaside, a beautiful coordination of simple Floridian cottage design along the white beaches of northwest Florida became a model for building pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods and integrating communities by enforcing a strict uniform building code, utilizing sensible and aesthetic planning methods (for instance, every street extends to the... ...sterplan." http://www.dpz.com/projects 8 Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company. "St. Louis." http://www.dpz.com/projects 9 Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company. "Hillsborough." http://www.dpz.com/projects  · Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company. "San Juan Bautista. (Architecture)" http://www.dpz.com/projects 10 Rohn, David. "Chesterton, Ind., Development Project Incorporates Environmental Concerns." Indianapolis Star. July 30, 2001. 11 Coffee Creek Center. "Ecology." http://www.coffeecreekcenter.com/pages/design/ecology.htm  · Coffee Creek Center. "Design Code Book." http://www.coffeecreekcenter.com/media/mediaattn/CCC-Codebook_web.pdf 12 Miller, Jason. "New Towns - Issaquah Highlands, Washington." The Town Paper. http://www.tndtownpaper.com/Volume 5/issaquah_highlands.htm 13 Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company. "Oakhurst. (Suburban Retrofits)" http://www.dpz.com/projects

Essay --

Saving Our Democracy: Campaign Finance Reform Introduction Since the founding of the United States, money has played a large role in electoral politics. Of course, there was a time when political campaigns were much smaller than they are now – before television, radio, and the Internet. Modern campaigns cost millions, or even billions, of dollars, especially in presidential elections. This enormous increase in spending over the last few decades has caused many to fear for the future of American democracy. If so few can contribute so much, why would politicians even bother to listen to the average voter? Lawmakers have taken steps on numerous occasions to reign in this political spending and even the playing field for the average voter, but that would mostly be undone with the Supreme Court’s decision in the 2010 case, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. This controversial decision struck down many regulations, citing that they violated the First Amendment. In the election cycles since, we have seen an unprec edented wave of shadowy organizations contributing unimaginable sums of money, drowning out everyone else. In order to understand how the Supreme Court came to it’s conclusion and how the average voter can ultimately overcome it, we must understand the history of campaign finance law in the United States. Background Concerns about corporate influence in national elections found its way into the halls of Congress after President Theodore Roosevelt’s 1904 re-election. President Roosevelt himself suggested to Congress that they make a point of passing legislation that would ban corporate contributions to political campaigns. In 1907, the Tillman Act was passed, which did just that. Those that violated t... ...The financing in both states is funded by tax check-offs, as well as fines paid by past violations of their campaign finance laws. Many of these programs also contained a provision that granted matching funds to the publicly financed candidate to counter what a nonparticipating candidate raised, but the Supreme Court struck this down in 2011 in the case Arizona Free Enterprise Club’s Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett. The majority opinion stated that this matching of funds interfered with First Amendment rights, because it could cause donors to withhold their spending – or as the Supreme Court saw it, their speech. After the Bennett decision, New York City devised what has become known as â€Å"flexible financing†, a system in which candidates receive funds that match their own fundraising as opposed to their opponents’ fundraising. Shareholder Authorization Conclusion

To Kill a Mockingbird Passage

â€Å"If you had a clear conscience, why were you scared? † â€Å"Like I says before, it weren’t safe for any nigger to be in a—fix like that. † â€Å"But you weren’t in a fix—you testified that you were resisting Miss Ewell. Were you so scared that she’d hurt you, you ran, a big buck like you? † â€Å"No suh, I’s scared I’d be in court, just like I am now. † â€Å"Scared of arrest, scared you’d have to face up to what you did? † â€Å"No suh, scared I’d hafta face up to what I didn’t do. † â€Å"Are you being impudent to me, boy? † â€Å"No suh, I didn’t go to be. † This was as much as I heard of Mr. Gilmer’s cross-examination, because Jem made me take Dill out. For some reason Dill had started crying and couldn’t stop; quietly at first, then his sobs were heard by several people in the balcony. Jem said if I didn’t go with him he’d make me, and Reverend Sykes said I’d better go, so I went. Dill had seemed to be all right that day, nothing wrong with him, but I guessed he hadn’t fully recovered from running away. â€Å"Ain’t you feeling good? † I asked, when we reached the bottom of the stairs. Dill tried to pull himself together as we ran down the south steps. Mr. Link Deas was a lonely figure on the top step. â€Å"Anything happenin‘, Scout? † he asked as we went by. No sir,† I answered over my shoulder. â€Å"Dill here, he’s sick. † â€Å"Come on out under the trees,† I said. â€Å"Heat got you, I expect. † We chose the fattest live oak and we sat under it. â€Å"It was just him I couldn’t stand,† Dill said. â€Å"Who, Tom? † â€Å"That old Mr. Gilmer doin‘ him thataway, talking so hateful to him—† â€Å"Dill, that’s his job. Why, if we didn’t have prosecutors—well, we couldn’t have defense attorneys, I reckon. † Dill exhaled patiently. â€Å"I know all that, Scout. It was the way he said it made me sick, plain sick. † â€Å"He’s supposed to act that way, Dill, he was cross—† Page 202 He didn’t act that way when—† â€Å"Dill, those were his own witnesses. † â€Å"Well, Mr. Finch didn’t act that way to Mayella and old man Ewell when he crossexamined them. The way that man called him ‘boy’ all the time an‘ sneered at him, an’ looked around at the jury every time he answered—† â€Å"Well, Dill, after all he’s just a Negro. † â€Å"I don’t care one speck. It ain’t right, somehow it ain’t right to do ‘em that w ay. Hasn’t anybody got any business talkin’ like that—it just makes me sick. † â€Å"That’s just Mr. Gilmer’s way, Dill, he does ‘em all that way. You’ve never seen him get good’n down on one yet. Why, when—well, today Mr. Gilmer seemed to me like he wasn’t half trying. They do ’em all that way, most lawyers, I mean. † â€Å"Mr. Finch doesn’t. † â€Å"He’s not an example, Dill, he’s—† I was trying to grope in my memory for a sharp phrase of Miss Maudie Atkinson’s. I had it: â€Å"He’s the same in the courtroom as he is on the public streets. † â€Å"That’s not what I mean,† said Dill. â€Å"I know what you mean, boy,† said a voice behind us. We thought it came from the tree-trunk, but it belonged to Mr. Dolphus Raymond. He peered around the trunk at us. â€Å"You aren’t thin-hided, it just makes you sick, doesn’t it? † Page 203

Capstone Project Essay

There is no more need to fight crowds, find a parking spot, and deal with traffic. The high street and mail order systems still have a place in the mix of purchase routes; however it is no longer the only method of making purchases. The Internet revolution has seen a massive increase in the long distance purchases made by consumers, as geographical barriers are no longer as important as they were. The lack of geographical importance has influenced the strategy of Internet companies. One of the first companies that took advantage of this was the online bookshop Amazon. om. Amazon. com is an organization that offers a broad range of services to consumers and is considered an online leader of pure-plays – pure online merchants. Amazon. com was founded in July of 1995 with a mission to fully utilize the Internet to make book buying fast, easy, and all in all, a very enjoyable experience. They currently have 29 million customers in 160 different countries, making Amazon. com one of the leading online merchants. It is rated third in business-to-consumer online revenue as of June 20, 2000. Amazon. com represents the ideal e-Commerce company. It was one of the first to demonstrate the potential for â€Å"virtual† upstarts and turned the market on end – even leading the â€Å"bricks and mortar† companies. Analyze the company’s mission and vision statements against the performance of the organization. Then, evaluate how well the company lives out its mission and vision statement. Provide support from the organization’s performance in your evaluation. Amazon’s company mission and vision statement is to continue to offer quality products and services using the best technology available and at a reasonable price. This results in highly loyal customers, while maintaining shareholders interest and company profits in mind. We also want to expand geographically, increasing the number of customers and to keep improving our main competitive advantage – infrastructure. By working hard and having fun we seek to offer the best working environment to our employees, promoting career opportunities, and to increase our responsibility towards environment and the society. (www. amazon. com). In basing that off of the performance of the company it can be concluded that they are living out their mission statement. As more retail categories get added, the opportunity will only expand Assess how the organization’s strategic goals link to the company’s mission and vision. The strategic goals of Amazon. com are very simple they work off of six basic principles which are the freely proffers products and services, the use a customer friendly interface, the company scales easily from small to large, they exploit its affiliate’s products and resources, the use existing communication systems, and finally Amazon utilizes universal behaviors and mentalities (www. arketingplan. com). Most of the marketing the Amazon does is indirect marketing where you probably will not see allot of ads for the company on billboards or during the commercial breaks of televisions shows, the company uses allot of online ploys and has very good relations with other partners they use these strengths to market themselves to a great amount of people. This goes hand in hand with their mission statement and vision which is increasing the number of customers and to keep improving our main competitive advantage, since the majority of society uses the internet for all of the business needs, this will work to the advantage of Amazon as they can link up with several of their business partners and even provide links on those pages that will take a potential customer directly to the website. Amazon rarely uses the offline marketing process; they use the motto â€Å"Since most people shop online that is where they will be†. (www. arketingplan. com). Also Amazon has a convenient way for customers to make their purchase more effectively and efficiently which is part of the marketing strategy of them focusing on being customer friendly. Amazon uses a streamlined ordering process that applies the most advanced technology to allow the customers to better navigate and explore online. Amazon uses a one click option once you have everything that you need, you place them in your basket and you pay for everything all at once without having to do multiple orders which make it convenient for the customers. Analyze the company’s financial performance to determine the link between the company’s strategic goals, strategy, and its financial performance. Detail your findings. One of the main strategic goals that Amazon has set with the company is offer quality products that bring in profits that sentiment is identified in the mission and vision statement and over time this company has been able to maximize their profits and minimize their expenses through the North American market as well as the international market as well. The earnings statement shows that Amazon has found a way to have increased sales performance through both of their selling markets. The North America segment consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through North America-focused websites such as www. amazon. com and www. amazon. ca and include amounts earned from AWS. This segment includes export sales from www. amazon. com and www. amazon. ca. The International segment consists of amounts earned from retail sales of consumer products (including from sellers) and subscriptions through internationally focused locations.

History of Coffee Essay

Coffee is one of the world’s most poplar beverages. Some claim it is the most widely consumed liquid in the world aside from water. Coffee is more than a beverage , however. It is a memory , anticipation, a lifetime of consoling moments of modest pleasure woven into our lives. Coffee’s success as a beverage undoubtedly owes both to the caffeine it harbors and to its sensory pleasure. Coffee lovers come to associate the energizing lift of the caffeine with richness and aroma of the beverage that delivers it. Coffee is grown in more than 50 countries around the world and the principal commercial crop of over a dozen countries, half of which earns 25% to 50% of their foreign exchange revenue from coffee exports. More than 10 billion pounds of coffee beans are grown per year, providing more than 20 million jobs. Coffee is indigenous to Ethiopia and was most likely discovered as a food before it became a drink. The most popular legend of how coffee was discovered involves an Abyssinian goat herder named kaldi. Kaldi awoke one night to find his goats dancing around a tree speckled with red cherries. When he tasted one of the cherries, he too started dancing with the goats. As interesting as this story may be it is more likely that coffee was used as a food supplement by wandering Ethiopian tribes-men. The tribes-men are said to have squashed the coffee cherries and carried them on long journeys, eating them for nourishment as needed. Later, the coffee cherries were soaked in water, possibly to make wine, but some historians say it was not until 1000 AD, when the Arabs discovered how to boil, that coffee was serve hot. Coffee was also believed to have medicinal properties. Avicenna, an Islamic physician and philosopher of the eleventh century, said of coffee: â€Å"It fortifies the members, it cleans the skin and dries up the humilities that are under it, and gives an excellent smell to all the body† CHAPTER – 1 HISTORY OF COFFEE HISTORY OF COFFEE [pic] Palestinian women grinding coffee the old fashioned way, 1905 The history of coffee goes at least as far back as the fifteenth century, though coffee’s origins remain unclear. It had been believed that Ethiopian ancestors of today’s Oromo people were the first to have discovered and recognized the energizing effect of the coffee bean plant. However, no direct evidence has been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant or even known about it, earlier than the 17th century. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd who discovered coffee, did not appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. From Ethiopia, coffee was said to have spread to Egypt and Yemen. The arliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee beans were first roasted and brewed, in a similar way to how it is now prepared. By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. Coffee then spread to Italy, and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and tothe Americas. Origins Etymology: The word â€Å"coffee† entered English in 1598 via Dutch koffie. This word was created via Turkish kahve, the Turkish pronunciation Arabic qahwa, a truncation of qahhwat al-bun or wine of the bean. One possible origin of the name is the Kingdom of Kaffa in Ethiopia, where the coffee plant originated; its name there is bunn or bunna. Legendary accounts. There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink itself. One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Shaikh ash-Shadhili. When traveling in Ethiopia, the legend goes; he observed goats of unusual vitality, and, upon trying the berries that the goats had been eating, experienced the same vitality. A similar â€Å"Legend of Dancing Goats† attributes the discovery of coffee to an Ethiopian goatherder named Kaldi. The story of Kaldi did not appear in writing until 1671, and these stories are considered to be apocryphal. It used to be believed Ethiopian ancestors of today’s Oromo tribe, were the first to have recognized the energizing effect of the native coffee plant. Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on Coffea arabica varieties, found to be of low diversity but which retained some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials, and closely-related diploid species Coffea canephora and C.liberica; however, no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant, or known about it there, earlier than the seventeenth century. The Muslim world: The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge Of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in southern Arabia. It was in Yemen that coffee beans were first roasted and brewed as they are today. From Mocha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey. From the Muslim world, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo, Syria, sipping the traditional murra (bitter) coffee, 1930. The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West, but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later. The most important of the early writers on coffee was io-de-caprio, who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa. He reported that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first to adopt the use of coffee (circa 1454). Coffee’s usefulness in driving away sleep made it popular among Sufis. A translation traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix (the present day Yemen) northward to Mecca and Medina, and then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Istanbul. Coffee beans were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen. Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean. The first coffeehouse opened in Istanbul in 1554. Coffee was at first not well received. In 1511, it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative, orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca. However, the popularity of the drink led these bans to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Selim I, with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el-Imadi issuing a celebrated fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee. In Cairo, Egypt, a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked. Similarly, coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 12th century. However, in the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking, and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886; according to Richard Pankhurst, â€Å"this was largely due to [Emperor] Menilek, who himself drank it, and to Abuna Matewos who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink. † Europe [pic] Dutch engraving of Mocha in 1692 Coffee was noted in Ottoman Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf, the first European to mention it, as chaube, in 1573; Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers. Coffee was first imported to Italy from the Ottoman Empire. The vibrant trade between Venice and the Muslims in North Africa, Egypt, and the East brought a large variety of African goods, including coffee, to this leading European port. Venetian merchants introduced coffee-drinking to the wealthy in Venice, charging them heavily for the beverage. In this way, coffee was introduced to Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after controversy over whether it was acceptable during Lent was settled in its favor by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the drink. The first European coffee house (apart from those in the Ottoman Empire, mentioned above) was opened in Venice in 1645. England Largely through the efforts of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century according to Leonhard Rauwolf’s 1583 account. The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael’s Alley in Cornhill. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosee, the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosee in setting up the establishment. Oxford’s Queen’s Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existence today. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England. Popularity of coffeehouses spread rapidly in Europe, and later, America. The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany women frequented them, but in England they were banned. Many believed coffee to have several medicinal properties in this period. For example, a 1661 tract entitled â€Å"A character of coffee and coffee-houses†, written by one â€Å"M. P. â€Å", lists some of these perceived virtues: Not everyone was in favour of this new commodity, however. For example, the anonymous 1674 â€Å"Women’s Petition against Coffee† declared: France Antoine Galland (1646-1715) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee, tea and chocolate: â€Å"We are indebted to these great [Arab] physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings, as well as sugar, tea, and chocolate. † Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix, the interpreter of King Louis XIV of France, that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain Mr. Thevenot, who had travelled through the East. On his return to that city in 1657, Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends, one of whom was de la Croix. However, the major spread of the popularity of this beverage in Paris was soon to come. In 1669, Soleiman Agha, Ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV, arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans. Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink, but they also donated some beans to the royal court. Between July 1669 and May 1670, the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians. [pic]. Melange in Vienna Austria The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks. The officer who received the coffee beans, Polish military officer of Ukrainian origin Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee. Until recently, this was celebrated in Viennese coffeehouses by hanging a picture of Kulczycki in the window. Melange is the typical Viennese coffee, which comes mixed with hot foamed milk and a glass of water. Netherlands The race among Europeans to make off with some live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in the late 17th century, when they allied with the natives of Kerala against the Portuguese and brought some live plants back from Malabar to Holland, where they were grown in greenhouses. The Dutch began growing coffee at their forts in Malabar, India, and in 1699 took some to Batavia in Java, in what is now Indonesia. Within a few years the Dutch colonies (Java in Asia, Surinam in Americas) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe. Americas. Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean circa 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Haiti, Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean. Coffee also found its way to the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean known as the Isle of Bourbon. The plant produced smaller beans and was deemed a different variety of Arabica known as var. Bourbon. The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree. Circa 1727, the Emperor of Brazil sent Francisco de Mello Palheta to French Guinea to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market. Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining these seeds yet he captivated the French Governor’s wife and she in turn, sent him enough seeds and shoots which would commence the coffee industry of Brazil. In 1893, the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania (Tanganyika), not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia, 600 years prior, ending its transcontinental journey. The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers. Ancient Production of coffee The first step in Europeans’ wresting the means of production was effected by Nicolaes Witsen, the enterprising burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn, the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen, the source of Europe’s supply, and established in the Dutch East Indies; the project of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with such success that the Dutch East India Company was able to supply Europe’s demand with â€Å"Java coffee† by 1719. Encouraged by their success, they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon Sumatra and other Sunda islands. Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden, whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens. Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant, which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi, predecessor of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris. The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to disfigure the king’s coffee tree. Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage, shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman, perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade. Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint- Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a blight had struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded. The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds, still essentially from the germ plasm originally taken from Yemen to Batavia, from French Guiana. By the 1800s, Brazil’s harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of slavery in 1888. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta. Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia, that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century, and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast. The Kingdom of Kaffa, home of the plant, was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela, and greatly increased afterwards: 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908, while in 1927-8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port. Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time, and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa – Djibouti Railway. While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of â€Å"Harari† coffee by 1925, and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936. Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500  acres (2. 0  km2) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown. Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981. *** CHAPTER – 2 INSIGHT ON COFFEE INSIGHT ON COFFEE |Coffee | |[pic] | |Roasted coffee beans | |Type |Hot or cold beverage | |Country of origin |Ethiopia, and  Yemen | |Introduced |Approx. 15th century AD (beverage) | |Color |Brown | Coffee  is a  brewed  drink  prepared from roasted  seeds, commonly called  coffee beans, of the  coffee plant. They are seeds of coffee cherries that grow on trees in over 70 countries. Green coffee, for example, is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Due to its  caffeine  content, coffee can have a stimulating effect in humans. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. It is thought that the energizing effect of the coffee bean plant was first recognized in  Yemen  in Arabia and the north east of  Ethiopia, and the cultivation of coffee first expanded in the Arab  world. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the  Sufi  monasteries of the  Yemen  in southern  Arabia. From the  Muslim world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, to  Indonesia, and to the Americas. Coffee has played an important role in many societies throughout history. In Africa and Yemen, it was used in religious ceremonies. As a result, the  Ethiopian Church  banned its secular consumption until the reign of EmperorMenelik II of Ethiopia. It was banned in  Ottoman  Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons,  and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe. Coffee berries, which contain the coffee bean, are produced by several species of small  evergreen  bush of the  genus  Coffea. The two most commonly grown are  Coffea canephora  (also known as  Coffea robusta) and  Coffea arabica. Both are cultivated primarily in  LatinAmerica,Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. An important export commodity, coffee was the top agricultural export for 12 countries in 2004,  and in 2005, it was the world’s seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value. Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain medical conditions; whether the overall effects of coffee are ultimately positive or negative has been widely disputed. However, the method of brewing coffee has been found to be important. Biology Several species of shrub of the genus  Coffea  produce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main cultivated species,  Coffea canephora(also known as  Coffea robusta) and  C. arabica, are native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. Less popular species are  C.liberica,  excelsa,stenophylla,  mauritiana, and  racemosa. They are classified in the large family  Rubiaceae. They are  evergreen  shrubs or small trees that may grow 5  m (15  ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, usually 10–15  cm (4-6  in) long and 6  cm (2. 4  in) wide. Clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously and are followed by oval berries of about 1. 5  cm. Green when immature, they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each berry usually contains two seeds, but 5–10% of the berries  have only one; these are called  peaberries. Berries ripen in seven to nine months. Cultivation Coffee is usually propagated by seeds. The traditional method of planting coffee is to put 20  seeds in each hole at the beginning of the  rainy season; half are eliminated naturally. A more effective method of growing coffee, used in Brazil, is to raise seedlings in nurseries, which are then planted outside at 6 to 12  months. Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice, during the first few years of cultivation. [pic]. Map showing areas of coffee cultivation: r:Coffea canephora m:Coffea canephora  and  Coffea arabica a:Coffea arabica Of the two main species grown, arabica coffee (from  C. arabica) is considered more suitable for drinking than robusta coffee (from  C. canephora); robusta tends to be bitter and have less flavor but better body than arabica. For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is  C. arabica. However,  C. canephora  is less susceptible to disease than  C. arabica  and can be cultivated in  environments  where  C. arabica  will not thrive. Robusta coffee also contains about 40–50% more caffeine than arabica. For this reason, it is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality robustas are used in some  espresso  blends to provide a better foam head, a full-bodied result, and to lower the ingredient cost. The species  Coffea liberica  and  Coffea esliaca  are believed to be indigenous to  Liberia  and southern  Sudan, respectively. Most arabica coffee beans originate from either  Latin America,  eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western and  central Africa, throughout  southeast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil. Beans from different countries or regions can usually be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma,  body, or acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffee’s growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as  Colombian,  Java  or  Kona. Production Brazil  is the world leader in production of green coffee, followed by  Vietnam  and  Colombia  the last of which produces a much  softer coffee. |Top twenty green coffee producers  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Tonnes (2007) and Bags thousands (2007) | |Country |Tonnes |Bags thousands | |[pic]  Brazil |2,249,010 |36,070 | |[pic]  Vietnam |961,200 |16,467 | |[pic]  Colombia |697,377 |12,515 | |[pic]  Indonesia |676,475 |7,751 | |[pic]  Ethiopia |325,800 |4,906 | |[pic]  India |288,000 |4,148 | |[pic]  Mexico |268,565 |4,150 | |[pic]  Guatemala |252,000 |4,100 | |[pic]  Peru |225,992 |2,953 | |[pic]  Honduras |217,951 |3,842 | |[pic]  Cote d’Ivoire |170,849 |2,150 | |[pic]  Uganda |168,000 |3,250 | |[pic]  Costa Rica |124,055 |1,791 | |[pic]  Philippines |97,877 |431 | |[pic]  El. Salvador |95,456 |1,626 | |[pic]  Nicaragua |90,909 |1,700 | |[pic]  Papua New Guinea |75,400 |968 | |[pic]  Venezuela |70,311 |897 | |[pic]  Madagascar[note 2] |62,000 |604 | |[pic]  Thailand |55,660 |653 | |  Ã‚  World |7,742,675 |117,319 | Ecological effects [pic] [pic] A flowering  Coffea arabica  tree in a Brazilian plantation Originally, coffee farming was done in the  shade  of trees, which provided a habitat for many animals and insects. This method is commonly referred to as the traditional shaded method, or â€Å"shade-grown†. Many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy. This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires the clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which damage the environment and cause health problems. When compared to the sun cultivation method, traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields, but the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior. In addition, the traditional shaded method is environmentally friendly and provides living space for many wildlife species. Opponents of sun cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution,  habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of these practices. The  American Birding Association,  Smithsonian Migratory Bird- Center, Rainforest Alliance, and the  Arbor Day Foundation  have led a campaign for â€Å"shade-grown† and  organic coffees, which it says are sustainably harvested. However, while certain types of shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, they still compare poorly to native forest in terms of habitat value. Another issue concerning coffee is its  use of water. According to  New Scientist, if using industrial farming practices, it takes about 140 liters of water to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee, and the coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as  Ethiopia. By using   sustainable agriculture  methods, the amount of water usagecan be dramatically reduced, while retaining comparable yields. Coffee grounds may be used for  composting  or as a  mulch. They are especially appreciated by  worms  and  acid-loving plants  such as  blueberries. *** CHAPTER – 3 TYPES OF COFFEE TYPES OF COFFEE Coffea Arabica | | |Scientific classification | |Kingdom: |Plantae | |(unranked): |Angiosperms | |(unranked): |Eudicots | |(unranked): |Asterids | |Order: |Gentianales | |Family: |Rubiaceae | |Genus: |Coffea | |Species: |C. arabica | |Binomial name | |Coffea arabica |. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee originally indigenous to the mountains of Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, hence its name, and also from the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and southeastern Sudan. It is also known as the â€Å"coffee shrub of Arabia†, â€Å"mountain coffee† or â€Å"arabica coffee†. Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species, Coffea canephora (robusta). Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee. Wild plants grow to between 9 and 12 m tall, and have an open branching system; the leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 6–12  cm long and 4–8  cm broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 10–15  mm in diameter and grow in axillary clusters. The fruit is a drupe (though commonly called a â€Å"berry†) 10–15  mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically contain two seeds (the coffee ‘bean’). | | Distribution and habitat Originally found in the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, Coffea arabica is now rare there in its native state, and many populations appear to be mixed native and planted trees. It is common there as an understorey shrub. It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in southeastern Sudan. Coffea arabica is also found on Mt Marsabit in northern Kenya, but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence. Yemen is also believed to have native Coffea arabica growing in fields. Cultivation Coffea arabica takes about seven years to mature fully and does best with 1- 1. 5 meters (about 40-59  inches) of rain, evenly distributed throughout the year. It is usually cultivated between 1,300 and 1,500 m altitude, but there are plantations as low as sea level and as high as 2,800 m. The plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost, and it does best when the temperature hovers around 20  °C (68  °F). Commercial cultivars mostly only grow to about 5 m, and are frequently trimmed as low as 2 m to facilitate harvesting. Unlike Coffea canephora, Coffea arabica prefers to be grown in light shade. Two to four years after planting Coffea arabica produces small, white and highly fragrant flowers. The sweet fragrance resembles the sweet smell of jasmine flowers. When flowers open on sunny days, this results in the greatest numbers of berries. This can be a curse however as coffee plants tend to produce too many berries; this can lead to an inferior harvest and even damage yield in the following years as the plant will favor the ripening of berries to the detriment of its own health. On well kept plantations this is prevented by pruning the tree. The flowers themselves only last a few days leaving behind only the thick dark green leaves. The berries then begin to appear. These are as dark green as the foliage, until they begin to ripen, at first to yellow and then light red and finally darkening to a glossy deep red. At this point they are called ‘cherries’ and are ready for picking. The berries are oblong and about 1  cm long. Inferior coffee results from picking them too early or too late, so many are picked by hand to be able to better select them, as they do not all ripen at the same time. They are sometimes shaken off the tree onto mats, which means that ripe and unripe berries are collected together. The trees are difficult to cultivate and each tree can produce anywhere from 0. 5–5  kg of dried beans, depending on the tree’s individual character and the climate that season. The real prize of this cash crop are the beans inside. Each berry holds two locules containing the beans. The coffee beans are actually two seeds within the fruit; there is sometimes a third seed or one seed, a peaberry in the fruits at tips of the branches. These seeds are covered in two membranes, the outer one is called the ‘parchment’ and the inner one is called the ‘silver skin’. In perfect conditions, like those of Java, trees are planted at all times of the year and are harvested year round. In less ideal conditions, like those in parts of Brazil, the trees have a season and are harvested only in winter. The plants are vulnerable to damage in poor growing conditions and are also more vulnerable to pests than the Robusta plant. Gourmet coffees are almost exclusively high-quality mild varieties of coffea arabica, like Colombian coffee. Arabica coffee production in Indonesia began in 1699. Indonesian coffees, such as Sumatran and Java, are known for heavy body and low acidity. This makes them ideal for blending with the higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa. Coffea canephora | | |Scientific classification | |Kingdom: |Plantae | |(unranked): |Angiosperms | |(unranked): |Eudicots ||(unranked): |Asterids | |Order: |Gentianales | |Family: |Rubiaceae | |Genus: |Coffea | |. Species: |C. canephora | |Binomial name | |Coffea canephora | Coffea canephora (Robusta Coffee Coffea robusta) is a species of coffee which has its origins in central and western subsaharan Africa. It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil, where it is often called Conillon. It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century. In recent years Vietnam, which only produces robusta, has surpassed Brazil, India, and Indonesia to become the world’s single largest exporter. Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is robusta. Canephora is easier to care for than the other major species of coffee, Coffea arabica, and, because of this, is cheaper to produce. Since arabica beans are often considered superior, robusta is usually limited to lower grade coffee blends as filler. It is however often included in instant coffee, and in espresso blends to promote the formation of â€Å"crema†. Robusta has about twice as much caffeine as arabica.